Structure of English

We can study the structure of language in a variety of ways. For example, we can study classes of words (parts of speech), meanings of words, with or without considering changes of meaning (semantics), how words are organized in relation to each other and in larger constructions (syntax), how words are formed from smaller meaningful units (morphology), the sounds of words (perception and pronunciation or articulation), and how they form patterns of knowledge in the speaker's mind (phonetics and phonology) and how standardized written forms represent words (orthography). Since this website is primarily devoted to the exploration of English through its words, the focus in this website is on morphology (word structure) and other aspects of words, such as etymology, lexical semantic change, word usage, lexical types of words, and words marking specific linguistic varieties.

  • Phonetics

All words are, at the their most basic, collections of different sounds. Phonetics is the branch of linguistics that deals with the sounds of speech and their production, combination, description, and representation by written symbols. Sounds are generally categorized by place of articulation, method of articulation, and voicing. While these individual sounds are the most basic elements of language, they do not have meaning in of themselves (apart from some sounds which can be considered sound symbolic).

Phonetics terms and their etymologies
Sound Terminology
Parsings/etymologies of articulatory terminology for English consonants. Most of the following terms come from Latin. The exceptions are glottal, glottis which are based on a Greek root.
Places of articulation
bilabial
bi + lab + i +     al
two  lip  (linker) ADJ
'produced with the two lips'
interdental
inter + dent + al
between tooth  ADJ
'produced with tongue between the teeth'
alveolar
alveol + ar
a small  ADJ
hollow
'produced at the alveolus, i.e. the alveolar ridge' (so called because it abuts on the tooth sockets, or alveoli 'little hollows')
alveo-palatal
alveo(l) + palat + al
a small    palate  ADJ
hollow
'produced starting at the alveolar ridge then immediately afterwards at the palate' ( alveol is from alveol-us, the diminutive form of alveus 'a cavity, hollow')
palatal
palat + al
palate  ADJ
'produced at the palate' (palate has an uncertain etymology; possibly
Latin borrowed it from Etruscan)
velar
ve +      lar
flap,     ADJ
covering,
veil
'produced at the velum, or soft palate'
glottal
glott/gloss + al
glottis       ADJ
'produced at the glottis' (the vocal chord part of
tongue, the upper larynx)
Manners of articulation
The adjective endings -ive and -al below are in these articulatory terms being used as noun endings, via leaving out the nouns they modify (e.g. 'plosive sounds' > 'plosives' etc.) We can think of this as a zero-derivation of nouns from adjectives. I gloss them here as adjective endings because that is their primary use and these terms are still easily used as adjectives.
stop
native word
'sound produced with total stoppage of airflow in the mouth' same as:
plosive
plod/plos + ive
burst,      ADJ
explode
(see above)
fricative
fric + at/ate + ive
rub    V        ADJ
'sound produced with partial occlusion of vocal tract, producing audible friction' (e.g. /f/, /s/)
affricate
ad/af + fric + ate
to,     rub    ADJ
towards
'sound produced by stopping airflow and then partial release into a fricative at or near same point of articulation' (e.g. /ch/)
nasal
nas + al
nose  ADJ
'sound produced by stopping airflow in mouth, but allowing it to continue flowing through nasal tract'
liquid
liqu + id
fluid  ADJ, N
'/l/ and /r/ sounds' (so called because they give acoustic impression sounding like water flowing)
lateral
later + al
side    ADJ
'sound produced by touching tongue to roof of mouth and letting air pass at one or both sides of the tongue' (/l/ is the only lateral in English)
approximant
ad/ap + proxim + ant
        near,    ADJ
        nearest
'consonant produced with relatively wide opening between articulators; an in-between sound that approximates or comes near to a vowel sound' (/y/ and /w/ are the main English approximants; sometimes /l/ is called a lateral approximant)

  • Morphology 
Morphology is the study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds. At the basic level, words are made of "morphemes." These are the smallest units of meaning: roots and affixes (prefixes and suffixes). Native speakers recognize the morphemes as grammatically significant or meaningful. For example, "schoolyard" is made of "school" + "yard", "makes" is made of "make" + a grammatical suffix "-s", and "unhappiness" is made of "happy" with a prefix "un-" and a suffix "-ness".
Inflection occurs when a word has different forms but essentially the same meaning, and there is only a grammatical difference between them: for example, "make" and "makes". The "-s" is an inflectional morpheme.
In contrast, derivation makes a word with a clearly different meaning: such as "unhappy" or "happiness", both from "happy". The "un-" and "-ness" are derivational morphemes. Normally a dictionary would list derived words, but there is no need to list "makes" in a dictionary as well as "make."
Morphemes and allomorphy
Morphemes are form/meaning pairings (where "form" = distinctive string of sounds). Morphemes can be roots or affixes, depending on whether they are the main part or dependent part of a word (cf. Roots vs. Affixes).
It is important to recognize that there is no one-to-one correspondence between form and meaning, and that what counts for identification as a morpheme is both form AND meaning. Let's consider some potentially tricky situations that can arise in deciding whether we're dealing with a single morpheme or more than one:
1. Two different morphemes can accidentally have the same form. Some English morphemes for which this is the case are the following ("Greek prefix", "Latin root" etc. are abbreviations for "prefix borrowed from (Classical) Greek", "root morpheme borrowed from Latin" etc.):
  • a indefinite article (native English--a free morpheme)
    a- 'not' (one form of a Greek prefix)
  • in- 'not' (Latin prefix) ( insoluble, inclement )
    in- 'into, within' (Latin prefix) ( ingress, invade )
  • homo 'human being' (Latin root)
    homo- 'same' (Greek prefix)
The unrelatedness of the meanings tells us they are different linguistic units. There is no psychological connection between them, and typically their origins are completely different.
2. Forms with the same meaning may also be different morphemes. There are two subcases of this:
  1. the forms may be rather different from one another. Example:
              a-/an- 'not' (Greek prefix)
              in- 'not' (Latin prefix) (other allomorphs im-, il-, ir- , etc.)
              un- 'not' (native English prefix)
    In this example, the first two morphemes were borrowed into English from different languages, a sufficient reason for thinking of them as different elements and hence distinct morphemes. The third is native English, which means another different linguistic source and hence a different element. It so happens that in this case, all three morphemes go back to a prehistoric word meaning 'not' that linguists have reconstructed as part of the original language that gave rise to Latin, Greek, English, and other related languages. But the connection is too far back to think of them as a unitary element in English.

  2. the forms may be the same or very similar, but like the above case, their sources are different languages. Example:
              in- 'into, within' (Latin prefix)
              in(-) 'into, within' (native English preposition and prefix)
    As above, these two happen to go back to a common ancestral source morpheme, before Latin and English (and their closest relatives) evolved into separate languages. (This historical fact accounts for why the forms are similar.) But again, the unity of these elements is only historical. Because the immediate source languages are different, it is reasonable to think of them as different elements. This kind of situation, in which our definition of morpheme as an element pairing a particular form with a particular meaning might lead us to call these one morpheme, but our historical knowledge leads us to call them two, is comparatively rare. We need not let such a borderline case detract from our basic understanding of a morpheme. They are mentioned here only for completeness' sake.
3. Two forms with the same meaning may be alternate forms of the same morpheme. Example:
  • a- and an- 'not' (Greek prefix)
  • se- and sed- 'apart' (Latin prefix)
In these cases, the two forms are very similar, often differing in one consonant or vowel. They typically result from a situation in which an original single form adapted its beginning or ending sounds to the sounds found in other morphemes it combined with. Often there is some pattern to the alternation between the two forms (e.g. the Greek 'not' morpheme is found in the form a- before roots beginning with consonants, and an- before roots beginning with vowels.)
The alternate forms in these cases are called allomorphs ( < Greek prefix allo- 'other'). We will discuss many cases of allomorphy in class; they are treated in Chapter 4 of Denning and Leben.
Roots and Affixes
Morphemes (minimal units of meaning) are of two basic kinds: roots and affixes . While there is not an absolutely sharp dividing line between them, due to the natural, gradual historical progression from root to affix, there are various properties that typically cluster together, thus allowing us to distinguish the two types. For most morphemes, it is clear which class they belong in.
Properties of roots:
  • main part of word
  • must be at least one in a word
  • in English, limited to two in a word (simple words have one, compound words have two); where roots are bound, as in Latin or Greek, more can occur in a word, but the number of roots in a particular word is generally small;
  • can occur independently (free roots)--although bound roots , particularly classical, occur
  • tend to have richer, more specific semantic content
  • position is relatively free with respect to other roots (cf. photograph vs. telephoto)
Properties of affixes:
  • subordinate part of word
  • not necessarily present--some words occur without any
  • multiple affixes can occur in a word (e.g. in-divis-abil-ity)
  • are dependent (bound) elements (where independent form found, generally to some degree dissociated from the bound version)
  • have more "schematic" (non-specific) content; often grammar-like function
  • can either precede or follow their roots ( prefixes and suffixes ,respectively)
  • position for a given affix with respect to root is fixed
Function Words
A third type of linguistic element is a function word, which occurs in certain languages like English, which don't have much bound morphology -- that is, languages with lots of free morphemes, instead of mostly words with roots and attached bound morphemes.
In such languages, many grammatical functions are served by function words: small units that have some independence, occuring with more freedom of position than affixes (thus they are somewhat root-like), but which have grammar-like meaning rather than concrete lexical content (which makes them more affix-like). Some function words in English are the, a, he, she, it, if, although, etc.
Function words can be thought of as right in between roots and affixes. Prepositions (like English over, in, through) are sometimes classed as function words and sometimes as roots--because they are, again, intermediate. In form, they are free morphemes. In terms of function, they have (especially in their spatial meanings) more concrete lexical content than most grammatical elements, but their meaning is still rather abstract and relational. (Note that in Greek and Latin, the elements corresponding to the English prepositions are bound morphemes rather than free function words. These are the spatial prefixes such as circum-, meta-, sub-, etc.)
ROOT > PREPOSITION > FUNCTION WORD > AFFIX
Greek and Latin Morphemes in English Words
These are some Greek and Latin morphemes found in English words, in no particular order.
-ic A,N
-ize V
-y N
anthrop human
bio life
cac bad
chrom color
chron time
circum- around
cosm universe, order, ornament
de- in reverse, away, down
ecto- outside
endo- inside
extra- outside
gam marriage, sexual union
iatr treat, heal
idi individual, own
infra- below, after
inter- between, among
intra- within
log study, speak
macro- long, large
micro- small
mis- hate
morph shape, form
nom law, system
path feel, illness
peri- around, close
phil love, tendency
phon sound, speech sound
pol community, city, state
post- after, behind
pre- before
pseud false
psych mind, spirit
pyr fire, fever
supra- above, greater
theo god
top place
xen foreign
a-/an- not, without
anim mind, spirit, life
ab-/abs- from, away
-ary/-ory A, N
-ate N, A, V*
contra-/counter- against, facing
corp/corpor body, flesh
culp fault, crime
duc lead, draw, pull
-ence/-ance N
-ent/-ant A, N
fug flee
grat thankful, kind
greg gather
hom earthling, human
-ion N
-ive A, N
leg law, charge
liber weigh, consider
liter letter
mot move
nat source, birth, tribe
nov new
omni- all
-ous A
par beget, produce
per- through, bad
pet go, seek
petr rock
pot be able, powerful
pro- forward, for
prob test, find good
re-/red- again, back
sci know, discern
se-/sed- apart
sec cut, split
somn sleep
tempor time
ven come, bring
ver true
al/ol nurture, grow
am/im/amor love
ana- up, again, back
ann/enn year
ante-/anti- old, before
apec/apic tip
apt/ept fit, capable
bol/bl throw, extend
cap/cep/cip/cup take, contain
cata- down, away, back, opposite
cer/cre/cr separate, judge
cid/cis cut, kill
con-/co- together, with
cub/cumb lie down, remain
dei/div god, augury
dia- through, apart
equ/iqu even, level
erg/urg/org work
fac/fec/fic do, make
frag/frang/fring break
fus pour, melt, blend
gon/gen/gn birth, type, origin
hypo- under, below, partial
in-/en- in, into
men/mn think, mind
meta- beyond
noc/nec/nic/necr harm, death
-oid resembling [A, N]
para- beside, resembling
pond/pend hang, weigh, pay, consider
sacer/secr holy, priestlike
semen/semin seed
spec/spic look, see
sta/stat/stet/stit stand, condition
tat/teg/tig/tang/ting touch, feel
ten/tin hold, maintain
tom/tm cut
vic/vinc conquer
vor eat
zo animal
-ity N [name of quality]
-sis N [name of action or its result]
ad- to, toward
ag/ig act, do, drive
alt high
ambl walk, go
andr male, man
apo- away, from, off
arch first, govern
av bird, fly
cad/cas/cid fall
ced/ceed/cess go, let go
clud/clus to close
dog/doc teach
epi- on, over
ero physical love
esthet/esthes perceive, feel
eu well, good
ex-/e-/ec- out, away
grad/gred/gress step, go
heli sun
hetero- other, different
homo-/homeo- same
in- not
iso- equal
leg/lig pick, read
lic permissible, unrestrained
meso- middle
neo new, recent
ob- towards, against, down
phot/phos light
prag act, do
reg/rig rule, straight
sent/sens feel, think
sub- under, down, secondary
super- above, excessive
syn- with, together
tele far
ten/tend/tens stretch, thin
trans-/tra- across, through
trud/trus thrust
bell war
bi two
cens judge, assess
cent hundred, hundredth
cephal head
crat/crac govern
cur care
decem/decim/deca ten, tenth
dem people
demi half
di/dich/dy/du two
dipl double
fla blow
hecto/hecato hundred, many
hemi/semi half
hept/sept/septen seven, seventh
hex/sex six, sixth
kilo thousand
loc place
lumen/lumin light
man hand, handle
milli thousand(th)
mono one
myri countless, numerous, 10,000
noven/nona nine, ninth
octo/octav eight
pauc few
penta five
plur many, more
pol community, society
poly many
prim/prin first, foremost
proto first, earliest
quadr/quarter/quart four, fourth
quin/quint/quinqu five, fifth
sesqui one and a half, one half more
son sound
tetra/tessara four
tri/tris/trich/ter three
un one
vig/viginti/vic twenty
ac/acer/acerb sharp, tip, extremities
agr field
alb/albin white
aster star
aud hear
auto, tauto self, same
bath, bathy depth
bene/bon good, well
brach/brachy short
car/carn flesh
sli/cliv/slin lean, lie, bed
cre/cred believe, trust
crypt/cryph secret, hidden
dam/damn/dem/demn loss, harm
dec/dic/deic speak, point
dit/don/dot give
dos/dow/da/dat ?
dol/dolor suffer
flu/fluc/fluv flow, river
glosss/glot/glott tongue, speech
gn/gnos/gnor know
gyn/gynec woman, female
hes/her to stick hold back
hyd/hydr water
jus/jur judge, law, ritual
lith/lite stone
mega/megal great, million
misc/mix mix
nihil/hil nothing
ocl/ocell eye
pen/pun punish
ple/plec/plic fold, tangle
ple/plen full, many
pon/pos place, put
pug/pugn fist, fight
tach/tachy fast
tact/tax arrange, order
terr earth
vac/van empty
ver/verg/vers turn
viv/vit life
soror sister
spor scatter, seed
the place, put
uxor wife
val strong, useful
vac/vok speak, call, voice
al/all/allel other
card/cord heart, agree
cruc cross, important point
dec/decor acceptable
ed/es eat
fa/pha/phe speak, spoken of
fer/pher/phor bear, carry, send, bring
frater brother
ge earth
gem/gemin twin
ger old person
graph/gram write, record
juven young
lat carry
lig tie, bind
lign wood
loqu/locu speak
magn great, large
mater/metr mother, womb, surrounding stuff
myc fungus
noc/nyc night
nomen/onom/onomat/onym name
orth straight, correct
paleo old
pater father, country
ped/paed child, teach
ped/pod/pus foot
phyll leaf
phyt plant
pom fruit, apple
pred prey
rhizo root
sal/saul jump
salv/salu safe, healthy
aden gland
alg pain
aur ear
axill armpit
caud/doc tail
cervic neck, neck of uterus
cut skin
derm/dermat skin
gaster stomach
gravid pregnant
hem/em blood
hepat liver
hist body tissue
hyster womb, neurotic disorder
-ia land, state, medical condition
-it is inflammation
lab lip
lac milk
lacrim/lachrym tear, tear duct
laryng voice box, vocal cords
mamm breast
nas/nar nose
nephr kidney
-oma tumor, growth
op/ophthalm eye, see
os/osteo bone
os/or mouth, opening
phleb vein
phob fear
phylac guard
pne/pneum lung, respiration
pulmo lung
rhin nose
sarc flesh
scler hard
sep putrid, infected
stom mouth, opening
thromb clot
vas/ves blood vessel, duct
ven vein
ali wing
api bee
arachn spider
bov/bu/bos/bou cow, milk
chir hand
clam/claim cry out, call
clav key, locked
col live, inhabit, grow
curs/curr run
den/odon tooth
dendr/dr/dry tree
dyn power
ev age, time
formic ant
herp/herpet/serp creep, reptile
hor hour, time, season
ichthy fish
ly/lv/lu loosen, dissolve
mal/male bad
mant/manc prophesy
mun common, public, gift
naut/nav boat, seafaring
nul/null nothing
orn/ornith bird
ov/oo egg
ox/oxy sharp, sour, oxygen
phag eat
pithec ape
plac please, flat
pter feather, wing
rog ask, take away
sen old
som body
soph wuse, knowledge
strat stretch, level, layer
telo-/teleo- end, complete
trop turn
  • Latin and Greek Morphology 
Many of the words in English are derived from Latin and Greek morphemes. In many cases words taken from Latin or Greek retain the inflectional characteristics and gender from their original languages. Thus, the masculine singular form of "alumni" is "alumnus," while the feminine singular form is "alumna." This example also shows that despite the retention of these Latinate forms, particularly in "learned" language, they are often discarded in casual speech, and "alumni" has come to be a singular noun as well as a plural one.
Classical Morphology
Latin and Greek are both languages of the inflectional type, that is, they use a lot of bound morphology to indicate much of the grammatical information in the language. (In contrast, English and many other languages of the world primarily use syntactic constructions, i.e. combinations of words; the role of bound morphology for grammar is then proportionally smaller.)
Latin had grammatical systems in which both the nouns and the verbs (and to a certain extent the adjectives) fell into classes. The class a word belonged to determined the particular inflectional endings it occurred with
Noun classes
Latin had two simultaneously operative noun class systems: gender (masculine, feminine and neuter) and also what are called declensions. There were five different noun declensions, and the declensions were more important for determining the endings on nouns than the gender. (Declensions gradually became less important and finally essentially disappeared, leaving only the two-way gender classifications in the modern Romance languages). Membership in a given declension was arbitrary, or rather only understandable historically.
The form of a noun that was most diagnostic of which declension it belonged to was the genitive (possessive) case. In other words, you could tell what class the word was in by looking at the genitive form. The declensions were numbered arbitrarily (first through fifth) by the Roman grammarians.
For example, the first declension is identifiable by the ending -ae in the genitive:
The second declension has -i in the genitive:
The third declension has -is in the genitive:
The fourth declension has -us (having a long form of the vowel in the ending) in the genitive:

The fifth declension has -ei in the genitive:
Most nouns fell into one of the first three declensions; the fourth and fifth were rarer.
Each of the declensions had its own set of case and number endings (although there was some degree of overlap). The genitive endings are most important, not only from the Latin point of view (because they indicate which declension a noun belongs to), but from the ENGLISH point of view. The genitive shows the stem of the noun, that is, is the fullest form to which case/number endings were added; and the stem is the form that occurs in almost all English borrowings from Latin.
For example, the word for 'king' is in the nominative case form rex, but its genitive form is regis. Take off the genitive ending -is and we have the stem, reg- , which occurs in Latin borrowings like regicide and regency.
Verb classes
The verbs of Latin fell into four classes, called conjugations. The endings for person and number were slightly different depending on the conjugation; the tense endings show a little more distinction between the classes. The most obvious way the conjugations differed was in the vowel in the second syllable of the root (or first, if only one syllable). That vowel recurred in different forms of the verb, but it is easiest to notice in the infinitive form. (The infinitive is the form that can stand alone, but is not inflected with any person and number endings. (We parse the word in-finit-ive 'without endings'.) The infinitive most closely corresponds translationally to the English to form of a verb as in to go . Notice:
The first conjugation has ain the infinitive:
The second has a long ein the infinitive:
The third has a short e:
And the fourth has an i in the infinitive:
The modern languages descended from Latin have for the most part reduced this to a three-way verb conjugation system, having lost the vowel length distinctions that Latin had. Again, membership in the conjugation classes was essentially arbitrary. It resulted from historical origin and sound change factors, but had nothing to do with the meanings of the verbs.
Knowing just four forms of a verb, one could derive all of the dozens of person/number/tense/voice/mood forms for that verb. These four forms are called the principal parts:
  • the present (the 1st person singular form is usually cited, by convention in Latin grammar)
  • the present infinitive
  • the perfect active (again, the 1st. singular is usually the specific form given) and
  • the past passive participle.
For the last one, you can call it the past participle like its equivalent in English. The "passive" is in there because the meaning of this form is a final state resulting from somebody else's action. For example duct means 'in a state of having been led (by somebody)', just like English opened in It was opened (by someone).
The four principal parts above represent the four basic stems of a Latin verb. Think of Latin word building as follows: A word consists of a ROOT, plus, perhaps, some additional material from a declensional class or conjugation class; together these form a STEM. Then, since Latin is an inflectional language, the word still needs to be filled out with specific inflectional endings. For verbs, these include person, number, tense, voice, and mood, and gender if it is a participle. For nouns, inflections include number, gender, and case. Once the inflections are added we have a full, derived WORD.
The most important forms from the point of view of English borrowings are the present infinitive stem and the past participle stem. They are the forms which almost always appear in English borrowings from Latin. Examples:
Pres. infinitive stem:
  • tangible
  • audience
  • dependent
  • induce
Past participle stem:
  • amatory
  • duct, induction
  • auditory
  • contact
  • admonitory 
History of Latin
An irreverent but true chronology by Timothy J. Pulju.
753 BC — Traditional date of the founding of the city of Rome by Romulus, a fictional character who killed his twin brother Remus, populated his city with escaped convicts, and found wives for his subjects by kidnapping Sabine women who had come for a visit. At this stage, Latin is the language spoken by several thousand people in and near Rome.
6th century BC — Earliest known Latin inscription, on a pin, which says "Manios me fhefhaked Numasioi", meaning "Manius made me for Numerius". Only a few other inscriptions predate the 3rd century BC.
250-100 BC — Early Latin. The first Latin literature, usually loose translations of Greek works or imitations of Greek genres, stems from this period. Meanwhile, the Romans are conquering the Mediterranean world and bringing their language with them.
100 BC-150 AD — Classical Latin. Guys like Cicero, Caesar, Vergil, and Tacitus write masterpieces of Latin literature. Also, Ovid writes a book on how to pick up women at the gladiator shows. The literary language becomes fixed and gradually loses touch with the ever- changing popular language known today as Vulgar Latin.
200-550 — Late Latin. Some varieties of literature adhere closely to the classical standard, others are less polished or deliberately closer to the popular speech (e.g., St. Jerome's translation of the Bible into Latin—the Vulgate). The western half of the empire is falling to pieces, but the Greek-speaking east, which is still in good shape, keeps using Latin in official contexts until the end of this period.
600-750 — Latin has become a dead language. Few people in the west outside of monasteries can read. The spoken languages of Italy, France and Spain change rapidly. Monks, particularly in Ireland, read and write classical Latin and preserve ancient texts as well as church documents. The Roman Catholic church continues to use Late Latin in the liturgy, though they eventually decide to deliver homilies in the local popular language. The Byzantines still call themselves Romans but have given up on the Latin language.
800-900 — The Carolingian Renaissance. Charlemagne decides that education is a good thing and promotes it in his kingdoms. After his death scholarship goes downhill a while, but never as far as it had before his reign.
1100-1300 — Contact with the educated Arabs who have conquered North Africa and Spain leads to a revival of learning, especially the study of Aristotle and other Greeks. Leading smart guys include St. Thomas "The Dumb Ox" Aquinas and John "Dunce" Scotus, as well as Petrus Hispanus, a pope who was killed when a ceiling collapsed on him. All learned writing is done in Latin, a practice which persisted until the 20th century at some fairly silly universities.
Mid 14th century — The Black Death kills a lot of people, including students, professors and other people who live in crowded, unsanitary cities. This is bad for the educational system. Meanwhile, an Italian poet named Petrarch decides that plague-infested professors and anyone else who doesn't write the classical Latin used by Cicero is a moron. In fact, everyone between Cicero and Petrarch was a moron in the latter's opinion, so it was high time to have a Renaissance and make fun of everything medieval.
1400-1650 — During the Renaissance, which spreads from Italy to France and finally to England, people start reading Latin classical authors and bringing Latin words into their languages. In England, this is called "aureate diction" and is considered evidence of great learnedness. Furthermore, as science develops, Europeans find it useful to have a universal Latinate terminology to facilitate international research.
up till 1900 — Almost everyone who goes to college has to learn Latin, and most humanities majors have to study Greek as well. Many of the Latin roots borrowed during the aureate diction period have come to seem native and can be used in forming new words.
mid 1960s — The Catholic Church decides that Latin is no longer the obligatory language of Catholic liturgies. Meanwhile, what with free love and everything, most young people of the 60s figure they have better things to do than learn Latin.
Today — Nobody speaks Latin well, and few people can write it, but lots can read it. Many of them are tenured professors, so they'd be hard to get rid of even if we wanted to.
  • Word Formation and Neologisms

Throughout the history of English new words have been incorporated into the language through borrowing (from languages as varied as Latin, Greek, Scandinavian, Arabic, and many others) as well as through the application of morphological and derivational rules to existing words and morphemes. Words currently entering the language are called neologisms (from "neo" new and "log" word).
 Major Periods of Borrowing

Loanwords are words adopted by the speakers of one language from a different language (the source language). A loanword can also be called a borrowing. The abstract noun borrowing refers to the process of speakers adopting words from a source language into their native language. "Loan" and "borrowing" are of course metaphors, because there is no literal lending process. There is no transfer from one language to another, and no "returning" words to the source language. The words simply come to be used by a speech community that speaks a different language from the one these words originated in.
Borrowing is a consequence of cultural contact between two language communities. Borrowing of words can go in both directions between the two languages in contact, but often there is an asymmetry, such that more words go from one side to the other. In this case the source language community has some advantage of power, prestige and/or wealth that makes the objects and ideas it brings desirable and useful to the borrowing language community. For example, the Germanic tribes in the first few centuries A.D. adopted numerous loanwords from Latin as they adopted new products via trade with the Romans. Few Germanic words, on the other hand, passed into Latin.
The actual process of borrowing is complex and involves many usage events (i.e. instances of use of the new word). Generally, some speakers of the borrowing language know the source language too, or at least enough of it to utilize the relevant word. They (often consciously) adopt the new word when speaking the borrowing language, because it most exactly fits the idea they are trying to express. If they are bilingual in the source language, which is often the case, they might pronounce the words the same or similar to the way they are pronounced in the source language. For example, English speakers adopted the word garage from French, at first with a pronunciation nearer to the French pronunciation than is now usually found. Presumably the very first speakers who used the word in English knew at least some French and heard the word used by French speakers, in a French-speaking context.
Those who first use the new word might use it at first only with speakers of the source language who know the word, but at some point they come to use the word with those to whom the word was not previously known. To these speakers the word may sound 'foreign'. At this stage, when most speakers do not know the word and if they hear it think it is from another language, the word can be called a foreign word. There are many foreign words and phrases used in English such as bon vivant (French), mutatis mutandis (Latin), and Fahrvergnuegen (German).
However, in time more speakers can become familiar with a new foreign word or expression. The community of users of this word can grow to the point where even people who know little or nothing of the source language understand, and even use, the novel word themselves. The new word becomes conventionalized: part of the conventional ways of speaking in the borrowing language. At this point we call it a borrowing or loanword.
(It should be noted that not all foreign words do become loanwords; if they fall out of use before they become widespread, they do not reach the loanword stage.)
Conventionalization is a gradual process in which a word progressively permeates a larger and larger speech community, becoming part of ever more people's linguistic repetoire. As part of its becoming more familiar to more people, a newly borrowed word gradually adopts sound and other characteristics of the borrowing language as speakers who do not know the source language accommodate it to their own linguistic systems. In time, people in the borrowing community do not perceive the word as a loanword at all. Generally, the longer a borrowed word has been in the language, and the more frequently it is used, the more it resembles the native words of the language.
English has gone through many periods in which large numbers of words from a particular language were borrowed. These periods coincide with times of major cultural contact between English speakers and those speaking other languages. The waves of borrowing during periods of especially strong cultural contacts are not sharply delimited, and can overlap. For example, the Norse influence on English began already in the 8th century A.D. and continued strongly well after the Norman Conquest brought a large influx of Norman French to the language.
It is part of the cultural history of English speakers that they have always adopted loanwords from the languages of whatever cultures they have come in contact with. There have been few periods when borrowing became unfashionable, and there has never been a national academy in Britain, the U.S., or other English-speaking countries to attempt to restrict new loanwords, as there has been in many continental European countries.
The following list is a small sampling of the loanwords that came into English in different periods and from different languages.
I. Germanic period
Latin
The forms given in this section are the Old English ones. The original Latin source word is given in parentheses where significantly different. Some Latin words were themselves originally borrowed from Greek. It can be deduced that these borrowings date from the time before the Angles and Saxons left the continent for England, because of very similar forms found in the other old Germanic languages (Old High German, Old Saxon, etc.). The source words are generally attested in Latin texts, in the large body of Latin writings that were preserved through the ages.
II. Old English Period (600-1100)
Latin
Celtic
(few ordinary words, but thousands of place and river names: London, Carlisle,
Devon, Dover, Cornwall, Thames, Avon...)
III. Middle English Period (1100-1500)
Scandinavian
Most of these first appeared in the written language in Middle English; but many were no doubt borrowed earlier, during the period of the Danelaw (9th-10th centuries).
  • anger, blight, by-law, cake, call, clumsy, doze, egg, fellow, gear, get, give, hale, hit, husband, kick, kill, kilt, kindle, law, low, lump, rag, raise, root, scathe, scorch, score, scowl, scrape, scrub, seat, skill, skin, skirt, sky, sly, take, they, them, their, thrall, thrust, ugly, want, window, wing
  • Place name suffixes: -by, -thorpe, -gate
French
  • Law and government—attorney, bailiff, chancellor, chattel, country, court, crime, defendent, evidence, government, jail, judge, jury, larceny, noble, parliament, plaintiff, plea, prison, revenue, state, tax, verdict
  • Church—abbot, chaplain, chapter, clergy, friar, prayer, preach, priest, religion, sacrament, saint, sermon
  • Nobility—baron, baroness; count, countess; duke, duchess; marquis, marquess; prince, princess; viscount, viscountess; noble, royal (contrast native words: king, queen, earl, lord, lady, knight, kingly, queenly)
  • Military—army, artillery, battle, captain, company, corporal, defense,enemy,marine, navy, sergeant, soldier, volunteer
  • Cooking—beef, boil, broil, butcher, dine, fry, mutton, pork, poultry, roast, salmon, stew, veal
  • Culture and luxury goods—art, bracelet, claret, clarinet, dance, diamond, fashion, fur, jewel, oboe, painting, pendant, satin, ruby, sculpture
  • Other—adventure, change, charge, chart, courage, devout, dignity, enamor, feign, fruit, letter, literature, magic, male, female, mirror, pilgrimage, proud, question, regard, special
Also Middle English French loans: a huge number of words in age, -ance/-ence, -ant/-ent, -ity, -ment, -tion, con-, de-, and pre- .
Sometimes it's hard to tell whether a given word came from French or whether it was taken straight from Latin. Words for which this difficulty occurs are those in which there were no special sound and/or spelling changes of the sort that distinguished French from Latin
IV. Early Modern English Period (1500-1650)
The effects of the renaissance begin to be seriously felt in England. We see the beginnings of a huge influx of Latin and Greek words, many of them learned words imported by scholars well versed in those languages. But many are borrowings from other languages, as words from European high culture begin to make their presence felt and the first words come in from the earliest period of colonial expansion.
Latin
  • agile, abdomen, anatomy, area, capsule, compensate, dexterity, discus, disc/disk, excavate, expensive, fictitious, gradual, habitual, insane, janitor, meditate, notorious, orbit, peninsula, physician, superintendent, ultimate, vindicate
Greek (many of these via Latin)
  • anonymous, atmosphere, autograph, catastrophe, climax, comedy, critic, data, ectasy, history, ostracize, parasite, pneumonia, skeleton, tonic, tragedy
  • Greek bound morphemes: -ism, -ize
Arabic
  • via Spanish—alcove, algebra, zenith, algorithm, almanac, azimuth, alchemy, admiral
  • via other Romance languages—amber, cipher, orange, saffron, sugar, zero, coffee
V. Modern English (1650-present)
Period of major colonial expansion, industrial/technological revolution, and American immigration.
Words from European languages
French
French continues to be the largest single source of new words outside of very specialized vocabulary domains (scientific/technical vocabulary, still dominated by classical borrowings).
  • High culture—ballet, bouillabaise, cabernet, cachet, chaise longue, champagne, chic, cognac, corsage, faux pas, nom de plume, quiche, rouge, roulet, sachet, salon, saloon, sang froid, savoir faire
  • War and Military—bastion, brigade, battalion, cavalry, grenade, infantry, pallisade, rebuff, bayonet
  • Other—bigot, chassis, clique, denim, garage, grotesque, jean(s), niche, shock
  • French Canadian—chowder
  • Louisiana French (Cajun)—jambalaya
Spanish
  • armada, adobe, alligator, alpaca, armadillo, barricade, bravado, cannibal, canyon, coyote, desperado, embargo, enchilada, guitar, marijuana, mesa, mosquito, mustang, ranch, taco, tornado, tortilla, vigilante
Italian
  • alto, arsenal, balcony, broccoli, cameo, casino, cupola, duo, fresco, fugue, gazette (via French), ghetto, gondola, grotto, macaroni, madrigal, motto, piano, opera, pantaloons, prima donna, regatta, sequin, soprano, opera, stanza, stucco, studio, tempo, torso, umbrella, viola, violin
  • from Italian American immigrants—cappuccino, espresso, linguini, mafioso, pasta, pizza, ravioli, spaghetti, spumante, zabaglione, zucchini
Dutch, Flemish
  • Shipping, naval terms—avast, boom, bow, bowsprit, buoy, commodore, cruise, dock, freight, keel, keelhaul, leak, pump, reef, scoop, scour, skipper, sloop, smuggle, splice, tackle, yawl, yacht
  • Cloth industry—bale, cambric, duck (fabric), fuller's earth, mart, nap (of cloth), selvage, spool, stripe
  • Art—easel, etching, landscape, sketch
  • War—beleaguer, holster, freebooter, furlough, onslaught
  • Food and drink—booze, brandy(wine), coleslaw, cookie, cranberry, crullers, gin, hops, stockfish, waffle
  • Other—bugger (orig. French), crap, curl, dollar, scum, split (orig. nautical term), uproar
German
  • bum, dunk, feldspar, quartz, hex, lager, knackwurst, liverwurst, loafer, noodle, poodle, dachshund, pretzel, pinochle, pumpernickel, sauerkraut, schnitzel, zwieback, (beer)stein, lederhosen, dirndl
  • 20th century German loanwords—blitzkrieg, zeppelin, strafe, U-boat, delicatessen, hamburger, frankfurter, wiener, hausfrau, kindergarten, Oktoberfest, schuss, wunderkind, bundt (cake), spritz (cookies), (apple) strudel
Yiddish (most are 20th century borrowings)
  • bagel, Chanukkah (Hanukkah), chutzpah, dreidel, kibbitzer, kosher, lox, pastrami (orig. from Romanian), schlep, spiel, schlepp, schlemiel, schlimazel, gefilte fish, goy, klutz, knish, matzoh, oy vey, schmuck, schnook,
Scandinavian
  • fjord, maelstrom, ombudsman, ski, slalom, smorgasbord
Russian
  • apparatchik, borscht, czar/tsar, glasnost, icon, perestroika, vodka
Words from other parts of the world
Sanskrit
  • avatar, karma, mahatma, swastika, yoga
Hindi
  • bandanna, bangle, bungalow, chintz, cot, cummerbund, dungaree, juggernaut, jungle, loot, maharaja, nabob, pajamas, punch (the drink), shampoo, thug, kedgeree, jamboree
Dravidian
  • curry, mango, teak, pariah
Persian (Farsi)
  • check, checkmate, chess
Arabic
  • bedouin, emir, jakir, gazelle, giraffe, harem, hashish, lute, minaret, mosque, myrrh, salaam, sirocco, sultan, vizier, bazaar, caravan
African languages
  • banana (via Portuguese), banjo, boogie-woogie, chigger, goober, gorilla, gumbo, jazz, jitterbug, jitters, juke(box), voodoo, yam, zebra, zombie
American Indian languages
  • avocado, cacao, cannibal, canoe, chipmunk, chocolate, chili, hammock, hominy, hurricane, maize, moccasin, moose, papoose, pecan, possum, potato, skunk, squaw, succotash, squash, tamale (via Spanish), teepee, terrapin, tobacco, toboggan, tomahawk, tomato, wigwam, woodchuck
  • (plus thousands of place names, including Ottawa, Toronto, Saskatchewan and the names of more than half the
    states of the U.S., including Michigan, Texas, Nebraska, Illinois)
Chinese
  • chop suey, chow mein, dim sum, ketchup, tea, ginseng, kowtow, litchee
Japanese
  • geisha, hara kiri, judo, jujitsu, kamikaze, karaoke, kimono, samurai, soy, sumo, sushi, tsunami
Pacific Islands
  • bamboo, gingham, rattan, taboo, tattoo, ukulele, boondocks
Australia
  • boomerang, budgerigar, didgeridoo, kangaroo (and many more in Australian English) 
Neologisms
These are neologisms collected by an undergraduate linguistics class at Rice University during the fall of 2003.
A
abroadness
context and source: A senior applying for a fellowship stated that he would like to take a year off and enjoy some "abroadness" instead of going straight to graduate school.
apparent meaning: the state of being abroad.
type of word formation: known stem with alternate ending
reason used: This word is simply shorter than that phrase "being overseas for the purpose of studying." I understood exactly what he meant without him using superfluous words.
dictionary entry: abroadness - n. - state of being outside of one's country of residence for the purpose of higher education. Formed from abroad (overseas, usually for the purpose of studying) and -ness ( a noun-forming suffix). I'm going to be really burned out after four years of Rice, so I'm looking forward to a little abroadness.

administrivia
context and source: "I don't have your homeworks graded yet because I got stuck taking care of administrivia this morning." -- heard from one of my professors last month (November 2003).
composed of: administration 'management' + trivia 'insignificant trifles'
apparent meaning: tedious and mundane organizational and administrative tasks
type of word formation: blending and clipping
reason used: Clever way to describe the menial tasks required for bookkeeping and organization.
dictionary entry: administrivia - n. mundane, repetitive busy work required for general record-keeping. ('Before getting to the day's work, the CEO had to get through the daily administrivia.') [blending and clippin: formed from 'administration' + 'trivia']

Adultolescence
context and source: "?the perils of adultolescence?" (The Rice Graduate 24 Sep 2003)
composed of: 'adult' (fully-developed and mature person) + 'adolescence' (the process of growing up)
apparent meaning: moving back in with your parents after graduating from college
type of word formation: blend of 'adult' + 'adolescence'
reason used: The author was trying to accurately name the state of moving back in with one's parents as an adult, especially after college graduation. Adolescence and the years immediately following was the last time many people lived with their parents full-time. By blending 'adult' and 'adolescence,' you get the idea that the person is stuck between the adult world and adolescence.
dictionary entry: Adultolescence, n.
living with one's parents as an adult, esp. after college graduation ('the job market was weak so he opted for adultolescence') [blend of 'adult' + 'adolescence']

Advertorial
context and source: When discussing possible post-graduation jobs, a friend said her experience working at a low-scale magazine in town was not a good one, particularly because they made her write many advertorials (Nov. 28, 2003).
composed of: advertisement + editorial
apparent meaning: What is written when a company pays to have a good story written about them in a publication.
type of word formation: blend
reason used: By adding a hint of advertising to the word about a story, the piece acquires a negative connotation, thus insinuating how journalists often feel about such pieces.
dictionary entry: Advertorial, n.
An article that has been paid for (This story is so positive it's clearly an advertorial.) [new blend, formed from 'advertisement' + 'editorial']

aftsoac
context and source: "Aftsoac that 'x' is not prime??.." (a math friend over IM, 9/15/03)
apparent meaning: Assume for the sake of a contradiction
type of word formation: acronym
reason used: In math proofs, it is common to start a proof by saying "Assume for the sake of a contradiction that?.." and set about proving a proposition. However, my friend truncated this phrase because he got tired of typing the whole thing. We have been using 'aftsoac' quite frequently ever since, even over telephone conversations (we end up making the 't' silent).
dictionary entry: aftsoac
Assume for the sake of a contradiction ("Aftsoac that y is positive") [acronym: assume for the sake of a contradiction]

Ah-hah
context and source: "If these lectures have given you any ah-hahs, give yourself a point." (Susan Lieberman, December 2, 2003)
composed of:
apparent meaning: sudden realization
type of word formation: onomatopoeia
reason used: This word uses an expression and connects it with the processes going on in our brain. When we suddenly understand something, we say "ah-hah." An ah-hah, then, is used to capture the state of realization.
dictionary entry: Ah-hah n. A sudden understand or realization, usually after exposure to new or novel information.

Alpha consumer
context and source: "Watch the cool kids, the alpha consumers, today, and you can see what everybody else will be doing a year from now." (Time 8 Sep 2003)
composed of: 'alpha' (something that is first) + 'consumer' (one who buys goods and services)
apparent meaning: one who picks up on trends before they become trends, perhaps creating or fueling the trend; used as a predictor for what will be popular in a few weeks or months
type of word formation: compound of 'alpha' + 'consumer'
reason used: The author was describing companies that profit by predicting trends in consumer goods. One way that they did this was by watching the habits of certain groups of people who tended to be the first to pick up on or even start the trend. These consumers, since they were the 'first,' were given the designation 'alpha.'
dictionary entry: Alpha consumer, n.
one who starts a trend or picks it up very early, often long before the rest of the population, usu. used as a predictor of economic trends ('this pattern was seen among alpha consumers months ago') [compound of 'alpha' + 'consumer']

Ambiturner
context and source: The title character in the movie Zoolander can only turn around in one direction; he wishes he could turn both ways, which would make him an ambiturner.
composed of: ambi + turn + er
apparent meaning: able to turn around both ways
type of word formation: compounding + derivation
reason used: Zoolander is full of funny words because the main character is not very intelligent. He has his own way of speaking, and ambiturner fits into his speech.
dictionary entry: Ambiturner, n.
A person who can turn all the way around by going in either way (Only ambiturners can be good models.) [derivation, formed from 'ambi' + 'turn' + '-er']

Amerindians
context and source: "My prof always just calls them Amerindians." Conversation; 10/13/03.
apparent meaning: This word refers to the people who were on the North American continent before the arrival of Europeans. These people are also called Indians, Native Americans, or American Indians. This term was coined to make one of the more politically correct phrases shorter and therefore more convenient.
type of word formation: blend of American and Indian
dictionary entry: Amerindian [blend American + Indian] Noun. Any of the native people of North American.

Anti-rail
context and source: "An anti-rail spokesman said he was not surprised by the accident." (Click2Houston.com, 11/20/03)
composed of: Composed of: 'anti-' (against, opposite) + 'rail' (railroad as a means of transportation) [from 'light-rail']
apparent meaning: opposed to the construction and use of light-rail lines and trains, particularly those of the light-rail system of the city of Houston
type of word formation: compound/clipping
reason used: Light-rail is a relatively recent phenomenon, and in Houston, it has become a controversial means of transportation, because its initial construction and future expansion may or may not cost taxpayers more money. As a result, there are those who are opposed to the city's new light-rail system, and there has arisen a new adjective to describe these people. By adding the oppositional morpheme 'anti-' to 'rail' (a clipped form of 'light-rail'), one arrives at a new word for describing light-rail's opponents.
dictionary entry: anti-rail, adj.
Opposed to the construction and use of light-rail lines and trains, particularly those of the light-rail system of the city of Houston. ('anti-rail lobbyists') [new compound/clipping; formed from 'anti-' + 'rail' (light-rail)]

anyhoo
context and source: 'Anyhoo, so what are you doing this weekend?' (conversation with friend, week of 11/3, 2003)
composed of: 'any' (a relative numerical term) + hoo (non-sensical word)
apparent meaning: an colloquial interjection meaning the same thing as anyways
type of word formation: compound
reason used: My friend was just having a conversation with me when he said this word. I suppose it is a just a colloquial or dialectical way of saying the word 'Anyways.' He was trying to end the current conversation and move on to a new topic, so he used an interjection. I believe this word also might have come about from the slight relaxation of the air passage when moving from the word 'ways' to 'hoo'. It sounds more casual and less deliberate than 'Anyways.'
dictionary entry: anyhoo, interjection.
Another way of saying the word 'anyways'; and so moving on.. ('Anyhoo, what did you do today?') [compound; formed from 'any' + 'hoo' (which is not a really a word, but more of a sound)]

Appetize
context and source: "It appetizes him." (Conversation with lab partner, 9/30/03)
composed of: ad-/ap-' (to, toward) + 'pet' (seek) + '-ize' (V)
apparent meaning: to be appealing to (the appetite of), to make hungry, to whet the appetite of
type of word formation: back formation
reason used: The word 'appetizing' probably came from the word 'appetite,' with the final consonant changing before the addition of the present participle suffix '-ing.' 'Appetizing' means 'appealing to the appetite,' but its ending likely led some to believe that the adjective had been formed from a verb ending with the morpheme '-ize.' Thus, the word 'appetize' was coined by back formation, and it now seems to be used relatively frequently. Its meaning is consistent with that of 'appetize,' its "adjectival form."
dictionary entry: appetize, v.
To be appealing to (the appetite of), to make hungry, to whet the appetite of. ('a savory smell that appetizes someone') [new back formation; formed from 'appetizing' - '-ing']

Archi
context and source: "Over to the left is Anderson Hall, home of all of Rice's Archis" O-week advisor Aug 2003
apparent meaning: architecture student
type of word formation: clipping
reason used: architecture student is a long phrase and when it is said often in the college environment of Rice it has been clipped
dictionary entry: Archi, n. an architecture student [clipping: architecture]

ass-flowers
context and source: "It's not funny, guys, I might have ass-flowers!" (a friend, speaking of her GI problems 11/02)
apparent meaning: there is only 1 thing that ass-flowers can possibly mean- hemorrhoids.
type of word formation: analogy
reason used: a semi-vulgar yet humorous way of referring to a serious problem. No reason other than sounding desperate and entertaining at the same time.
dictionary entry: Ass-flowers, n.
Hemorroids [derived by analogy]

automagically
context and source: "The car doors lock automagically when you go over a certain speed." Conversation; 10/9/03.
apparent meaning: This word describes actions that happen automatically, but also seem to happen magically. The word may be used when the speaker does not understand the process by which the action occurs. It can also be used when the speaker would like for the audience to take such an action for granted, as he or she does not want to explain how the action occurs. Automagic events are often directed by computers or machines. This neologism was coined to describe actions which take place so much on their own, they seem to be magic.
type of word formation: blend of automatic and magic
dictionary entry: automagically [blend automatic + magic + al ADJ + ly ADV] Adverb.Describing an action which occurs automatically in a mysterious or magical way, especially when performed by a computer or machine.

autostereographics
context and source: Wired described a new study in the field of creating 3-D games without the use of 3-D glasses as autostereographics.
composed of:
apparent meaning: a new branch of technology dealing with how things look on a screen.
type of word formation: compounding
reason used: To convey each part of this new study, it was necessary to draw from different concepts, and therefore different words and morphemes, to put a proper name to it. Auto refers to self, meaning the screen can provide 3-D images without outside aid, stereo refers to sound, which is always a concern with computer programs, and graphics refer to written and drawn aspects of a program that creates the images we see.
dictionary entry: autostereographics - n. - the field of computer technology that deals with the appearance of images on the screen. The study of autostereographics will revolutionize the way man interacts with machine.

awesome-itude
context and source: "These obviously and very factually prove that a good ninety-nine percent of my college stories are actually about college, that they have a maximum possible amount of the commonly referred to formula unit of 'awesome-itude', and that bullfighters are amazing."
composed of: 'awesome' (very cool, outstanding) + 'magnitude' (great in size)
apparent meaning: incredibly outstanding, nothing could be better.
type of word formation: blend
reason used: The writer was talking about how great his college stories are. He wanted to express that his stories went beyond awesome. Thus he created a blend between awesome and magnitude, giving awesome an extra level.
dictionary entry: awesome-itude n.
extremely outstanding and awe inspiring. ('formula unit of awesome-itude') [new blend; formed from 'awesome' + 'magnitude']
B
Bacheloric
context and source: "Rick is getting more bacheloric as the years go by." (Katie Wilde, October 8, 2003)
apparent meaning: having the characteristics of a bachelor
type of word formation: affixation
reason used: This word allows the speaker to succinctly describe one's proclivity towards a single life. It eliminates the necessity to expound on their life style by using a modified form of a word (bachelor), the meaning of which most people are familiar with.
dictionary entry: Bacheloric adj. Having and embracing the characteristics of being unmarried.

Bada-bing
context and source: 'Bada-bing, I've got it' (television commercial)
apparent meaning: It seems to be a joyful expression showing achievement or attainment of some personal goal. The use of similar phonemes, 'ba' and 'da' makes the phrase catchy and fun to say.
type of word formation: Compound
reason used: A speaker would use this term as a substitution for plain words like 'yeah' and 'yes'. It is a phrase that people usually say out loud, but to themselves. This term is similar to the out-dated phrase 'cha-ching' which had the same meaning.
dictionary entry: bada-bing, n. An expression of satisfaction for an accomplishment, or something superfluous that an individual desires.

bagel
context and source: Overheard comments at tennis tournaments similar to the effect of "Yeah, I got bageled by the number one seed in the tournament in about 30 minutes."
composed of: name of common circular pastry
apparent meaning: to be held scoreless
type of word formation: zero-derivation
reason used: Most tennis tournaments are held over the course of a weekend and require players to play multiple matches in a day. At tournaments bagels are commonly eaten by players because they are as a quick, long-lasting energy food that won't upset their stomachs, which is important when having to play multiple times. Because of this, tennis players are familiar with bagels, and their circular shape lend themselves readily to the analogy of getting held scoreless, or zeroed, or bageled.
dictionary entry: bagel - v. to hold an opponent to a score of zero, especially in a game or competition. ('The top seed in the tournament easily bageled his first round opponent.') [zero-derivation; formed from the noun 'bagel' describing the pastry]

ball around
context and source: "What are you up to? Just balling around?" in conversation with S. F., 9-26-03.
composed of: "ball" (spherical object) + "around" (in proximity to or throughout a certain locale)
apparent meaning: to hang out, be unproductive
type of word formation: semantic shift (possibly metaphor) and zero derivation
reason used: The origin of the phrase seems a bit obscure. Possible reasons include: 1) the phrase evokes mental imagery of a ball rolling around aimlessly; 2) the other ways of communicating the same message seem old and overused; 3) this "hanging out" time was spent playing baseball, basketball, or the like at the time of the phrase's coining, and was later extended to other activities.
dictionary entry: ball around, v.
To spend time in no particularly useful pursuit. ("What have you been up to? Balling around as usual?") [New formation by zero derivation and semantic change from "ball" + "around."]

Baller
context and source: "That's what you call a baller." (Keith Clayton, October 26th, 2003)
composed of: 'ball' (ballplayer) + '-er' (N)
apparent meaning: A guy who usually gains fame and wealth as well as women through success sports.
type of word formation: Clipping (Ballplayer)
reason used: Professional basketball players (many, not necessarily all) have the reputation for being millionaires and consequently using this money to attract women, whether it is prostitutes or 'fans.' This stereotype led to the clipping of ballplayer to form the neologism baller to refer to this type of player. Now, a baller can refer to any ballplayer that has significant talent and some sort of reputation with women.
dictionary entry: Baller
n. Ballplayer, someone who is good at playing basketball, and has moved up to earning a lot of money and getting a lot of girls from that. [Formed from the clipping of ballplayer]

baller
Conversation with Sid freshman, 9/03. "?I'm going to go play basketball with my professor. He's such a baller."
A term for an indisputably hip, cool person. I think it is taken from the expression "having guts" or "balls", meaning a certain amount of brevity and strength. It has obviously been extended to mean somebody that perhaps is not afraid to step out of their normal, conventional boundaries. I've also heard "that's ballin'" for something that is cool, unexpected.
This is almost a back formation from a more familiar phrase, "he's got balls", or could just be made-up with no apparent connection.
Used to present another colorful, descriptive way of saying that something is cool (there are similarly related words further down on this list). It definitely falls into the category of slang, and I think is used by a certain 'in-group' of people.
baller, n. ballin', adj.
Refers to person who is great, excellent, hip. ["Ball" + "-er" (characterized by)].

Baller
context and source: "That guy from Brown is like the ultimate baller." - Martel Sophomore Trey Smith 11-3-03
composed of: 'ball' + '-er' (one who)
apparent meaning: someone is incredibly good at something.
type of word formation: analogy
reason used: the speaker wanted to convey how good one of the intramural basketball players on the Brown team was.
dictionary entry: Baller; n.
someone who his extremely good at basketball.

baller
context and source: "He's a baller," Spanish study group participant, 10-8-03.
composed of: "basket" (a type of container) + "ball" (round toy) + "-er" (noun suffix), minus "basket"
apparent meaning: a person skilled in a particular area.
type of word formation: derivation followed by clipping
reason used: The original form, "basketballer," simply meant "a particularly talented basketball player," and was probably coined because a need was felt for a word with this definition. The word was probably then shortened for convenience's sake, and came to be applied to a wider variety of talented individuals.
dictionary entry: " baller, n.
A person who is particularly skilled in a certain sport, academic area, etc. ("He's a real baller when it comes to chemistry.") [new derivation and clipping, formed from "basketball" + "-er" minus "ball."]

Ballinest
context and source: "I shouldn't be the MVP, I should be the MBP: the Most Ballinest Player." - Suitemate Alec Young 11-3-03
composed of: 'ball' + 'ing' (participating in the act of) + '-est' (most).
apparent meaning: the best player.
type of word formation: analogy
reason used: the speaker wanted to be silly or comical and use a word that would be used in the African American or hip hop community.
dictionary entry: Ballinest; adj.
the best basketball player.

balling
context and source: "Are you balling at the gym tonight?" -asked by member of freshman basketball team, early November.
composed of: "ball" + "-ing" (verb suffix)
apparent meaning:Playing basketball
type of word formation: Analogy
reason used: This is yet another case of a verb suffix being added to a common noun to signify the action associated with that noun. In this case, there appears to have been some clipping as well; the original term may have been "basketballing," but it has been shortened to "balling." This word is often used among those who play basketball often; it may be considered a slang word in that it helps create an "in" group among these players.
dictionary entry: Balling, v.
A term used for playing basketball; shortened from "basketballing"

Bassackwards
context and source: "?and then you've got Venus over there with its bassackwards rotation." - Dr. Pat Reiff from Astronomy 202 11-24-03
composed of: 'ass' (as in buttocks) + 'backwards'
apparent meaning: something exceedingly backwards.
type of word formation: compounding and blending
reason used: Dr. Reiff wanted to illustrate how different or backwards Venus' rotation was. Because one's ass is located in the back, this word helps illustrate how extremely backwardness of something.
dictionary entry: Bassackwards, adj.
a word used to describe something that is completely and utterly backwards.

beat
context and source: "I wouldn't want to go out with her; she's beat," D. from Spanish 301 study group, 10-8-03
composed of: beat (verb meaning to physically abuse/assault)
apparent meaning: ugly
type of word formation: zero derivation/semantic change
reason used: "beat" as an adjective is probably related to "beat" as a verb, based on the inference that a person who has been "beaten" has been physically disfigured. The type of zero derivation employed, which sounds as if it is made by omitting the inflectional ending "-en," has a tough guy/ghetto feel to it, an "in" sound for young Americans.
dictionary entry: beat, adj. unattractive, especially referring to a female ("Nobody wants to a date with a beat girl like that"). [new word formation by zero derivation and semantic change, from "beat" (v.)]

beaulicious
context and source: "That cake is totally beaulicious, I'd eat half of it right now" (in La Madeleine's, looking at the desserts 12/01/03)
apparent meaning: this interesting adjective is trying to appeal to two senses, that of vision and taste. The cake under question was both beautiful and very promising in terms of taste.
type of word formation: blend of 'beautiful' and 'delicious'
reason used: to capture and express two feelings with one meaningful colorful word.
dictionary entry: Beaulicious, adj.
Pleasing for both the eyes and the mouth; both aesthetically pleasing and tasty ('what a beaulicious wedding cake') [A blend, formed from 'beautiful' and 'delicious']

Bed-night snack
context and source: "I want chocolate for a bed-night snack."
apparent meaning: a midnight snack eaten in bed or perhaps a snack eaten at bedtime
type of word formation: blend of bed and midnight snack
reason used: to use a non-cliché form of midnight snack
dictionary entry: Bed-night Snack, n. a late night snack eaten in bed [blend: bed and midnight snack

Beerios
context and source: "Some people have beerios for breakfast the morning of Beer Bike." (conversation with Jones sophomore 24 Oct 2003)
composed of: 'beer' (alcoholic beverage) + 'cheerios' (type of cereal, commonly eaten for breakfast)
apparent meaning: cereal topped with beer instead of milk
type of word formation: blend of 'beer' + 'cheerios'
reason used: This not uncommon breakfast food on the morning of Beer Bike needed a name. The cereal used does not necessarily need to be Cheerios (which is a certain brand of cereal) but that name was used because it made a good blend with 'beer.'
dictionary entry: Beerios, n.
cereal topped with beer instead of milk ('I had beerios for breakfast') [blend of 'beer' + 'cheerios']

Bennifer
context and source: Something to the effect of: "Was the Bennifer wedding called off due to Ben's wild night in Canada? Stay tuned?" In all manner of society newspaper sections and magazines, on MTV and VH1 all throughout 2003
composed of: Ben (for Ben Affleck) + Jennifer (for Jennifer Lopez)
apparent meaning: Noun succinctly referring to the superstar relationship and engagement between and movie stars Ben Affleck and Jennifer Lopez
type of word formation: blending and clipping
reason used: The name is used as a collective term describing not just the relationship but also the entire media circus and pop-culture fixation surrounding their betrothal. Bennifer sort of has the connotations of the name of a single mythical two-headed entity (monster).
dictionary entry: Bennifer - n. The relationship between and engagement of moviestar supercouple Ben Affleck and Jennifer Lopez and the subsequent pop-culture fixation and hype surrounding their romantic escapades. ('Bennifer was spotted in the front row of the Red Sox game this afternoon') [blend; formed from 'Ben' + 'Jennifer']

Bewrecked
context and source: Context and source: "The accident left her bewrecked of her car." Suitemate, October 19, 2003.
apparent meaning: Deprived of something, in this case an automobile. Could possibly be used in situations involving other accidents.
type of word formation: blend
reason used:The speaker blended bereft and wrecked in a clever way-after a bad accident people usually are "deprived of" their cars. But, in this case, the similar sound ending made it especially possible to put these two words together.
dictionary entry: Bewrecked: v. to be without, or deprived of, a thing lost in a wreck or accident. [a blend of bereft and wrecked]

bib
Online conversation with Whitman College freshman, 11/03. "….I've got work to do at the bib."
An apparent shortening of the French word for library: bibliotheque.
This formation is a clipping, from 'bibliotheque' to 'bib', it has also transcended languages, from French to English.
I think clipping is especially prominent among groups of young people, colleges and universities. Whenever there are words that people repeat often, the words tend to gain names that are more fun to say (for instance, when people ask me what my major is, I say I am a 'musi' not a music major) or facilitate speech better ('bib' is certainly shorter to say than 'library' or 'bibliotheque') or they try to evoke a cooler, more entertaining image (saying that you're going to the 'bib' is more exciting than saying you're going to the 'library'). Since I have not heard the word 'bib' outside of this particular instance, I suspect it may be jargon for a specific group of people (i.e. undergrads at Whitman College).
bib, n.
Abbreviation for library, [Fr bibliotheque].

Biodefense
context and source: " 'The whole focus was to contribute to the biodefense agenda of the country.'" (Mark Buller, head of University of St. Louis research team, quoted on MSNBC.com, 10/31/03)
composed of: 'bio' (life) + 'defend/defens' (ward off, drive away, defend, protect)
apparent meaning: (of or pertaining to) the military, governmental, and industrial management of the research and development of weapons, strategies, and other means of defending against biological weapons and warfare
type of word formation: compound
reason used: Even in ancient times, there were instances of biological warfare, but only recently have warring nations been able to produce and utilize biological weapons (like viruses, bacteria, and chemicals that can disrupt various bodily functions) on a large scale. These developments led to the formation of new terms, like 'bioweapon' and 'biological warfare.' Naturally, because there were weapons of this kind, there would also arise defenses against them, and these defenses (for the United States at least) had to be regulated, so they were to be the business of those concerned with the 'biodefense' of the country. There may have been a longer term, such as 'biological defense,' for this idea, but the single-word neologism does seem to facilitate communication.
dictionary entry: biodefense, n.
The military, governmental, and industrial management of the research and development of weapons, strategies, and other means of defending against biological weapons and warfare. ('much money has gone into the biodefense of this country') [new compound; formed from 'bio' + 'defense']
biodefense, adj.
Of or pertaining to biodefense. ('the biodefense budget of the Unites States') [new compound; formed from 'bio' + 'defense']

bitchery
context and source: 'Let's stop this bitchery!' (a friend after complaining and crying about someone, 10/26/03)
composed of: 'bitch' and '-ery' (N)
apparent meaning: whining, complaining, and a generally negative and unpleasant conversation
type of word formation: derivation
reason used: After expressing the extent of her negative emotional state, the author of the word was also not pleased with having just had another whining session, so she referred to her own conversation in a derogatory manner, at the same time trying to be facetious at the situation. The result was this new word, incorporating both the underlying meaning and humor.
dictionary entry: Bitchery, n.
A set of generally negative expressions full of whining and complaining. ('let's stop this bitchery and go do something fun) [new derivation from 'bitch' and 'ery']

Bizarred
context and source: A roommate said she was "bizarred" by the high-level of activity on campus one night. (Nov. 22, 2003)
composed of: bizarre + -ed
apparent meaning: in a state of finding something bizarre
type of word formation: derivation
reason used: She found it odd and could not find a word to describe that feeling. However, everyone involved in the conversation understood that she found the instance bizarre when she said she was bizarred.
dictionary entry: Bizarred, adj.
To be in the state of having found something to be bizarre. (I feel so bizarred after watching that odd movie.) [Derivation, formed from 'bizarre' + '-ed']

blacksploitation
context and source: "Often you hear of how certain groups have been discriminated against, like blacksploitation for example?" -comment heard in class, week of 11/3
composed of: "black" (describing a certain race) and "exploit" (to take unfair advantage of) + "-ion" (Noun-forming suffix)
apparent meaning: A noun describing the experiences suffered by African-Americans during periods of discrimination and exploitation by others, most notably whites.
type of word formation: blending
reason used: This word seems to be a convenient way of summarizing the sufferings of African-Americans without using the awkward phrase "exploitation of black people by others." The word also lends itself to a blending derivation because of the "ks" sound at the end of "blacks" and the beginning of "exploit." Combining these two sounds into one is very convenient and does not require moving the tongue to create a separate sound.
dictionary entry: blacksploitation, n.
The systematic discrimination against and taking advantage of African-Americans, especially by whites. [new derivation, formed from "blacks" + "exploit" + "ion"]

Bling
context and source: Context and source: "J. Lo enjoys showing off her bling bling from Ben." People Magazine. October 2, 2003.
apparent meaning: Large diamonds or other valuable gems
type of word formation: onomatopoeia ("bling" describes the reflection of light off of a facet of a diamond)
reason used: This word may have been used to highlight the extravagance of Jennifer's diamond and to cater to the audience of the informal, gossipy magazine (usually young to middle-aged women)
dictionary entry: Bling: n. extravagant and showy jewelry, especially diamonds, used as a status symbol.

bling
context and source: "Man, look at all of that bling! He's definitely is blinging it!" -comments similar to this heard while watching MTV over the past year, especially whe R&B and rap was on.
composed of: no identifiable morphemes
apparent meaning: As a noun, bling (or bling-bling) is large, gaudy, excessively shiny and usually stone-encrusted jewelry. To bling is to be wearing this kind of jewelry
type of word formation: slang
reason used: this expression refers to the way that this kind of jewelry catches light and really makes the jewelry sparkle. It is in a way a kind of sound symbolism and synesthesia in that it attributes a sound effect to a visual stimulus. The sharp reflection of light off of the jewelry is similar to the sharp, high pitched sound heard when metal is bounced off of metal that produces a 'blinging' sound.
dictionary entry: bling - 1. n. Large, very shiny and usually stone-encrusted jewelry typically worn ostentatiously. ('The rap stars walked down the red carpet covered in bling.') 2. v. to wear such jewelry ('The rap stars were blinging it as they walked down the red carpet.') [slang; no identifiable morphemes]

bling-bling
context and source: 'He's the king of bling-bling.' (Electronic Gaming Monthly October Issue, 2003)
composed of: 'bling' + 'bling'
apparent meaning: shiny metal trinkets, necklaces; objects of luxury
type of word formation: sound symbolism
reason used: This magazine article had a humorous picture of a game character with gold chains and rings. I have also heard this word phrase used on MTV and other places to describe excessive gold and metal objects worn by celebrities, rappers, and pimps. I think it came about from the sound all the metal makes clanging around a person's neck, arms, hands, etc.
dictionary entry: bling-bling, n.
luxury items like gold rings and chains that are used to show off how cool and stylish one is ('man, he's wearin' a lot of bling-bling') [sound symbolism; arising from 'bling' + 'bling']

blog
context and source: 'Oh, I need to update my online blog.' (overheard from suitemate, week of 9/22, 2003)
composed of: 'web' (an interconnection of many things) + 'log' (an account of many objects)
apparent meaning: an online journal or diary where people can say whatever they feel like
type of word formation: clipping a compound
reason used: My suitemate was commenting on how he had not updated his journal that is posted on the internet. 'Blog' is a technological term that is a clipping of the word 'weblog.' I suppose people use blog instead because it is only one syllable and easier to say quickly than 'weblog.' This word can also be zero derived to form the verb form blog, meaning to write things in your online journal. 'to blog'
dictionary entry: blog, n,v. 1. an online journal or diary, that usually wanders from subject to subject 2.to post entries in an online journal or diary ('I need to blog in my blog') [clipping a compound; arising from 'web' + 'log' minus 'we']

blog
context and source: Members of different online journal communities describe the collection of their entries as their blog.
apparent meaning: the abbreviation of weblog (web + log).
type of word formation: compounding, then abbreviation
reason used: Blog is the second phonetic syllable of weblog, and it's usually the second syllable and whatever follows that gets used in an abbreviation.
dictionary entry: blog - n. - a collection of online journal entries. It is bad netiquette to put other people's names in your blog

Blogger
context and source: "We'll count on bloggers and those who know and appreciate online journals to help us spot trends, share tips and make connections." (MSNBC.com, 9/29/03)
composed of: 'blog' (clipping of weblog, an internet journal) + '-er' (N, doer, performer of a certain action, one associated or involved with)
apparent meaning: a person who maintains, frequents, actively searches for, or is otherwise familiar with online journals
type of word formation: compound
reason used: Because there had previously been no word referring to those who maintained, frequented, or actively searched for blogs, someone evidently coined this new word by adding the well-known suffix '-er' to the end of 'blog' (with the duplication of the final consonant of the root in the spelling of the neologism). It is not clear what particular meaning this word had when it first came into being (or if it ever had only one specific meaning at all), but it now has several different uses.
dictionary entry:blogger, n.
A person who maintains, frequents, actively searches for, or is otherwise familiar with online journals. ('the blogspotting tips of bloggers') [new compound; formed from 'blog' + '-er']

Blogger
context and source: "Three years ago, Adam Kalsey set up a Web log to share his thoughts about online business and the digital revolution. Like countless other "bloggers," he lets his readers post comments on his entries." (Houston Chronicle, Nov. 16, 2003).
composed of: Web + log + er
apparent meaning: One who posts diary entries about themselves online
type of word formation: blend + derivation
reason used: Blog has become a common word in internet lingo, and blogger, one who blogs, is the next reasonable step as it is just a derivation.
dictionary entry: blogger, n.
a person who posts internet diaries (She spends a lot of time reading the accounts of other bloggers.) [a derived blend; formed from 'Web' + 'log' + 'er']

Blogosphere
context and source: "As with any new territory, much is yet to be discovered about the dynamics and culture of the blogosphere, but mainstream media are quickly tuning in." (MSNBC.com, 9/29/03)
composed of: 'blog' (clipping of weblog, an internet journal) + 'o' (linker) + 'sphere' (area of power, control, influence; domain)
apparent meaning: the world or domain of blogs (weblogs) and bloggers (those who maintain or frequent blogs)
type of word formation: compound
reason used: Because of the recent development of blogs, there was no word referring to the world of blogs and bloggers, so this writer and possibly others before him chose to create a new word for this emerging idea by attaching the morpheme 'sphere' to 'blog,' and an 'o' was added to interrupt the consonant sequence created by the combination of the two roots.
dictionary entry: blogosphere, n.
The area or domain (especially on the internet) of influence of online journals and of those who maintain and/or frequent them. ('the culture of the blogosphere') [new compound; formed from 'blog' + 'o' + 'sphere']

Blogspotting
context and source: "Send your blogspotting tips." (MSNBC.com, 9/29/03)
composed of: 'blog' (clipping of weblog, an internet journal) + 'spot' (to detect, discern, or situate) + '-ing' (V, A, N, present participle)
apparent meaning: the act of looking for blogs (weblogs), especially those with content of special interest
type of word formation: compound
reason used: Because of the recent emergence of blogs, there was no single word referring to the active search for blogs, so someone apparently thought that the present participle of the verb 'spot' would be an appropriate morpheme to add onto the word 'blog' to create this new word. The 'ing' is a present participle ending, which requires that the preceding verb double its final consonant if the high nature of the vowel is to be retained. Present participle forms can also be used as nouns and adjectives.
dictionary entry: blogspotting, n.
The act of searching (on the internet) for online journals, especially those with content of special interest. ('tips for blogspotting') [new compound; formed from 'blog' + 'spot' + '-ing']
blogspotting, adj.
Of or pertaining to blogspotting.

bofro
context and source: " "siamac, her bofro who went with her, thinks that it is corruption with the police dept as well" (G. C-S, IM conversation, 10-28-03.)
composed of: "boyfriend" (a male partner in a romantic relationship.)
apparent meaning: boyfriend
type of word formation: clipping/rhyming compound
reason used: The original version of the word ("boyfriend") probably came to be seen as too cumbersome; short, rhyming phrases are easy on the ear and roll off the tongue.
dictionary entry: " bofro, n.
boyfriend ("She just broke up with her bofro of seven years.") [New word by clipping and rhyming compounding from "boyfriend."]

bogon
context and source: My scientifically nerdy roommate uses this term to break down bogus activities or occurrences.
apparent meaning: smallest piece of a bogus event.
type of word formation: blending (bogus + proton)
reason used: Scientifically speaking, the smallest particles are neutrons and protons and electrons. So when analyzing something bogus piece by piece, it's helpful to have something to call each component of what is bogus. And the word bogon itself sounds a little bogus and that accentuates the meaning.
dictionary entry: bogon - n. - the smallest discernible part of a bogus occurrence. The fact that some polls in the country closed early is just one bogon of the whole 2000 election fiasco.

Bootie called
context and source: 'She was bootie called last night' (Spike television network, Summer 2003)
apparent meaning: Being asked to do a 'bootie call' i.e. sexual favor. Used to talk about a recent action in which a person, almost always a woman, is requested by a man for pleasure. The '-ed' changes the noun form into a verb form.
type of word formation: Derivation
reason used: To gossip about a woman's actions and sexual behavior.
dictionary entry: bootie called, v. Called upon to give intimate pleasure on demand.

booty
context and source: While insulting the new CD of Jennifer Lopez, a deejay described her effort as "straight booty," and it was clear that he did not mean that in reference to her figure.
apparent meaning: very bad or poor in quality to the point that one is confused at how something could be so terrible.
type of word formation: zero derivation, slang
reason used: Formal terms rarely convey the emotion behind someone's opinion. Such an informal, coarse word emphasizes the comtempt for whatever is being described. There could also be a correlation between someone making an ass of himself and calling the result "booty."
dictionary entry: booty - adj. - of extremely poor quality, inspiring bewilderment because of its terribleness. Formed from an existing word that is now to be used as a slang term. Next week is going to be so booty; I have 3 exams in 2 days!

Bootylicious
(Adj.)
Someone who has nice curves or an attractive rear end.
(title of Destiny's Child pop single "Bootylicious")
A blending of booty + delicious.
Ex: "My body is too bootylicious for you, babe."
Destiny's Child "Bootylicious" release date: 7/17/2001.

Bootylicious
"My body's too bootylicious for you, babe."
Lyrics from a song by artist Beyonce - 2003
Definition - hot, sexy, etc.

Bosshog
(V, N)
To bully, or a bully.
As heard by a senior girl at Sid Richardson college.
A compound of boss + hog.
Ex: "The car behind me almost rear-ended me because it was bosshogging me on the freeway."
This word began appearing in rap songs during 2001.

bounce
context and source: "Hey, we're late. You guys ready to bounce?" -- expression used often by my previous roommate last year and now frequently by me
composed of: bounce 'rebound of an object off a surface'
apparent meaning: to leave, to go
type of word formation: slang
reason used: Bounce may have been first used when doing something involving going from place to place like a bouncing ball, such as barhopping. Then it probably just came to mean to leave from the place you are at.
dictionary entry: bounce - v. To go from or leave one's current location. ('When the party started to die down, we decided to bounce.') [slang; formed from 'bounce']

Break-downable
adj. capable of being broken down into smaller parts or pieces. Derivation of an adjective from the verb phrase "break down" by adding the adjective-forming suffix "-able" meaning "capable of". It may also be formed by an analogy with words like "wearable" and "applicable". Context and source: "While some words are break-downable, the others?"

BRB
context and source: 'I'll BRB' (Posted message on instant messenger, 1998)
apparent meaning: An abbreviation that lets someone know what you are doing, i.e. that you will 'be right back', or return.
type of word formation: Acronym
reason used: Used mainly for communication between friends. BRB is a quick way to let someone know that you will be coming back. It is used in both spoken and written language.
dictionary entry: BRB, adv. Intended to return and resume an activity or conversation.

bresilient
adj. bresilience, n.
I think I coined this word last year, early 2003? It has lived through my Portland friends. "What a bresilient idea…."
I think the meaning of this word varies a lot. It is meant to be an adjective describing something that is both brilliant and resilient. It suggests something cool (another slang word?), but more transient, sophisticated. When I made up this word, I used it in writing much more often than I spoke it out loud.
This word is a blend between two preexisting words in English: brilliant + resilient, resulting in a literal meaning that is something like 'bright and strong'. There is a bit of a rhyming scheme going on as well; this word would not work if 'brilliant' and resilient' didn't sound alike when spoken. Both words seem to roll off the tip of the tongue.
bresilient, adj.
Describing something that is great, wonderful, happy, healthy. [blend using brilliant + resilient].

Bridezilla
context and source: "She's a bridezilla." (Watching TV show, 10/26/03)
composed of: 'bride' (woman about to be married) + 'Godzilla' (gargantuan fictional Japanese reptile)
apparent meaning: a bride who is extremely spoiled and domineering and who must have her way (as to the details of her own wedding), even to the last, most minute detail
type of word formation: blend
reason used: Because there has previously been no single word to describe brides who were exceptionally spoiled, meticulous, and bossy, someone (perhaps a writer for the television show, but probably somebody who had coined the word beforehand) apparently thought it humorously appropriate that such a bride be called a 'bridezilla.' This new word is a blend of 'bride' and the name of a fictional Japanese monster, Godzilla, who has been the title character of many films. The name 'Godzilla' is said to be the Americanized form of the original Japanese 'Gojira,' whose origin is dubious.
dictionary entry: bridezilla, n.
A woman (about to be married) who is exceptionally spoiled, meticulous, and domineering, especially about the details (however minute) of her own wedding. ('the bridezilla maintained that her bridesmaids' shoes had to be dyed to the exact color of their dresses') [new blend; formed from 'bride' + 'Godzilla']

Bridorexia
context and source: "Breaking up is much more efficient than bridorexia." (Watching TV show, 10/26/03)
composed of: 'bride' (woman about to be married) + 'anorexia' (chronic eating disorder characterized by lack of and appetite and eating) ['a-/an-' (without) + 'orexis' (appetite) + '-a' (N)]
apparent meaning: the bride's regimen of restricted diet and/or exercise for the purpose of weight loss during the time period leading up to her wedding day, undertaken especially for the purpose of fitting into her wedding dress
type of word formation: blend
reason used: Because there has previously been no term describing some brides' forced diet and/or exercise to fit into her wedding dress (and to look better than any other females present, especially the bridesmaids) on her wedding day, a writer for this television series (or some other writer before him or her) coined this new formation, using the harsh imagery of the disorder anorexia nervosa, in order to describe this phenomenon in a single word.
dictionary entry: bridorexia, n.
The regimen (of a woman to be married) of restricted diet and/or exercise, undertaken in order to lose weight during the time period leading up to her wedding day, especially to fit into her wedding dress. ('losing weight by bridorexia') [new blend; formed from 'bride' + 'anorexia']

britney
context and source: "Look at her, she's such a britney" (a conversation between two girl friends in a coffee shop regarding a young woman 11/30)
apparent meaning: the girl in question dressed in a very liberal fashion (not wearing much at all), and looked rather sexually promiscuous. This word is referring to the singer Britney Spears, and her dressing habits.
type of word formation: analogy
reason used: to be clever, and emphasize the specific kind of dress, stance, and look that the girl in the coffee shop had.
dictionary entry: Britney, n.
A young woman of dubious moral integrity, mostly expressing herself through her minimal clothing and excessive makeup ('so many high school girls are britneys these days') [An analogy]

Buddy-movie
context and source: "At times, in fact, you feel like you're watching cookie-cutter action sequences with overcooked buddy-movie dialogue." (Click2Houston.com, 11/05/03)
composed of: 'buddy' (good friend, partner) + 'movie' (a sequence of photographs projected onto a screen with sufficient rapidity as to create the illusion of continuous motion) ['mov/mot' (move) + '-ie' (diminutive)] [clipping and alteration of 'moving picture']
apparent meaning: of or pertaining to a movie (involving friendship) that one watches with a good friend (a feel-good movie)
type of word formation: zero derivation
reason used: For a long time, there have been movies that make people feel good about themselves, about others, and about the world in general. These are called 'feel-good movies.' More specifically, films that deal with the bond of friendship have been dubbed 'buddy-movies,' because people go to see them with their buddies. These movies may also have been so named because they most probably have buddies as their main characters. Because this word has come into everyday usage, it is not surprising that some have zero-derived it into an adjective for describing things that are "buddy-movie-like."
dictionary entry: buddy-movie, adj.
Of or pertaining to a movie (involving friendship) that one watches with a good friend (a feel-good movie). ('the friends seemed to be having a buddy-movie conversation') [new zero derivation; formed from 'buddy-movie, n.']

Buh
context and source: "The Knighthood of Buh" (University of Texas organization, University of Texas website 10 Sep 2003)
apparent meaning: violently funny, cool in an unorthodox way
type of word formation: sound symbolism (sound made when fist is thumped against chest)
reason used: The organization exists to provide members a place to practice comedy and bend social norms. The gesture of your fist hitting your chest is often associated with affirming your existence and making your mark, much as the members of this organization do. So the gesture, and the sound that accompanies it, became a symbol for the group, and the word for the sound came to stand for how the group members perceive themselves.
dictionary entry: Buh, adj.
Violently funny, cool in an unorthodox way ('the members were all buh') [sound symbolism for sound fist makes upon striking chest]

Bunk
context and source: "You think movies cause violence? That's bunk!" (Michael Gruits, August 29, 2003).
apparent meaning: false, garbage
type of word formation: clipping
reason used: This is probably a clipping of bunkum: "empty talk." It is used in a more derogatory sense. It seems to conjure up cuss words.
dictionary entry: Bunk n. A derogatory term for lies or rubbish.

Bunk
v. to put one bed on top of another or to make a bunk bed. Zero derivation from the noun "bunk (bed)". Context and source: "Why don't we bunk the bed so that we can have more room?" (In a conversation with my roommate on 9/20/2003)

Bunyanesque
context and source: "?his Bunyanesque performances [on the basketball court]?" -Sports Illustrated, 12/1/03 issue
composed of: Bunyan (reference to Paul Bunyan, a character in an American folk tale) + "-esque," an adjective suffix
apparent meaning: very impressive, almost superhuman
type of word formation: Analogy/Affixation
reason used: This word was created in an attempt to evoke a very strong mental image, specifically of amazing feats of strength or skill. Almost every American child becomes familiar with the tall tale of Paul Bunyan as he is growing up; therefore, a word such as "Bunyanesque" would be instantly recognizable and understood by a vast majority of people. The suffix "-esque" may have been used for a variety of reasons. Phonetically, it flows smoothly from the "n" sound to the "es" because the tongue is in good position to form those two sounds consecutively. Esthetically, "-esque" evokes a more majestic connotation, as opposed to other adjective suffixes like "-y" which seems more common and mundane. "Bunyany" does not have the same effect as "Bunyanesque."
dictionary entry: Bunyanesque, adj.
Describing an action or deed that is extremely impressive, if not superhuman; from the American tall tale featuring Paul Bunyan.

buquad
context and source: I said something similar to "This last week of classes, I've got buquads of homework to do." Used by me frequently and heard originally from my parents.
composed of: no identifiable morphemes
apparent meaning: A whole lot of something; a bunch
type of word formation: new derivation
reason used: Sounds and looks similar to many other words that mean a whole lot of something, like the French beaucoup, bushels, buckets, bunches, etc. My parents are both from the South, so it could be a Cajun variation on beaucoup.
dictionary entry: buquad - n. A large quantity or amount; a lot ('At tennis practice, I worked on my serve technique by hitting buquads of balls.') [new derivation; similar to the French beaucoup]

Burner
context and source: "Our professor was definitely a burner." (Andy Gonzalez, October 11th, 2003)
composed of: 'burn-' + '-er' (n)
apparent meaning: Someone who is a letdown does not meet one's expectations.
type of word formation: Zero Derivation, Metaphor
reason used: In this instance, the speaker uses the word in a metaphorical sense. They had expectations for the professor that were not meant. This "burnt" them metaphorically, meaning they were let down and disappointed. It's the same idea as a parent saying that it hurt them to know that their child was behaving badly in school. It is an injury sustained to the mind more than the body. So because the professor has "burnt" them and their expectations, he is referred to as a 'burner.'
dictionary entry: Burner
n. A person or thing that fails to come up to the expectation or hope of [Zero derivation from burner]

burninate
context and source: 'The dragon used his fire to burninate the houses.' (overheard in a lunch conversation, week of 9/1, 2003)
composed of: 'burn' (to set aflame) X 'terminate' (to kill or destroy)
apparent meaning: to set things on fire while causing which destruction
type of word formation: blend
reason used: This guy was talking about dragons for some reason at lunch one day and spouted off this interesting word. When one thinks of a fire-breathing dragon, what does one think about? Death and destruction, plus lots of fire. Hence 'burn' and the word 'terminate' blend to form 'burninate.' I have also heard other people use back formation to form the word 'burnination,' the state or act of burninating.
dictionary entry: burninate, v. to set aflame and cause mass destruction, usually associated with dragons ('the dragon burninated the village') [blend; arising from 'burn' X 'terminate']

burninating
context and source: "Burninating the country side, burninating the peasants, burninating all the people in thatch roof cottages." (heard off of online flash cartoon 9/30/03)
composed of: 'burn' (to produce fire or heat to destroy an object) + '-in' (n) + '-ate' (v) + '-ing' (v)
apparent meaning: the act of laying waste to the land by fire. It is the action of a burninator.
type of word formation: derivation
reason used: The singer of the song wanted to describe the act of the dragon burning down everything with his fiery breath. By putting several morphemes together, he came up with a verb that conveys the act of burning things down.
dictionary entry: burninating v.
laying waste to the land by fire ('burninating the country side') [new derivation; formed from 'burn' + '-in' + '-ate' + '-ing']

burninator
context and source: "Now he needs a name; how about Trogdor the Burninator." (heard off of online flash cartoon 9/30/03)
composed of: 'burn' (to produce fire or heat to destroy an object) + '-in' (n) + '-ate' (v) + '-er/-or' (n)
apparent meaning: a dragon who lays waste to the land by burning everything to the ground with his breath.
type of word formation: derivation
reason used: The speaker in the cartoon was looking for a word that described a dragon who laid waste to the land. He created a word that is based off of the word 'terminator.' By doing so, he further creates the image of a being that destroys everything in its path.
dictionary entry: burninator n.
name given to a creature that destroys using fire. ('Trogdor the Burninator') [new derivation; 'burn' + '-in' + '-ate' + '-er/-or']

buttmunch
context and source: "He's a buttmunch" (in conversation with roommate talking about a guy from highschool 12/1/03)
composed of: 'butt' (to hit something with the head) + 'munch' (to eat food loudly)
apparent meaning: someone that is being particularly annoying. The word can be used for someone liked by the speaker, it just means that the person is annoying the speaker.
type of word formation: compound
reason used: The speaker was describing a guy from high school she was friends with that usually annoyed her. She used munch in her word because munching is eating food in an annoying way.
dictionary entry: buttmuch n.
someone who is being annoying ('he's a buttmunch') [new compound; formed from 'butt' and 'munch']

C 
Cablinasian
context and source: "And then Tiger Woods said he wasn't actually 'black' at all -- he was 'Cablinasian.'" Website; 11/7/03.
apparent meaning: This word literally means "Caucasian-Black-Indian-Asian." Tiger Woods coined this term to describe his heritage after the media began to incorrectly categorize him as African American, when in fact he was not. This term was coined to make it easier for Tiger Woods to describe his heritage as not simply African American.
type of word formation: blend of Caucasian, Black, Indian, and Asian
dictionary entry: cablinasian [blend Caucasian + Black + Indian + Asian] Adjective.Being of Caucasian, Black, Indian, and Asian descent.

Calcapalooza
context and source: "I'm having a calcapalooza!" (conversation with University of Texas sophomore 24 Nov 2003)
composed of: 'calculus' (advanced mathematical subject) + 'lollapalooza' (something that is a remarkable example of its kind)
apparent meaning: celebration after passing a difficult calculus test
type of word formation: blend of 'calculus' + 'lollapalooza'
reason used: This person was trying to express his relief and joy at having done particularly well on a difficult test. Here, 'lollapalooza' doesn't have quite the meaning that the dictionary gives it. In this instance, it is being used as the name of the large touring rock concert of the same name (which uses the word in its dictionary sense-a particularly remarkable example of that type of music), i.e. more to convey the celebratory, party atmosphere that the concert brings. This word was then blended with 'calculus' to clarify just what was being celebrated.
dictionary entry: Calcapalooza, n.
celebration after passing a difficult calculus test ('the class had a calcapalooza') [blend of 'calculus' + 'lollapalooza']

Camphone
n. a cellular phone with a small camera. This word is formed by clipping "cam" from "camera" and then blending it with "phone". Context and source: On the Internet on 11/12/2003

cebit
context and source: "cebits will soon become obsolete?." (conversation with a computer science friend, 10/10/03)
apparent meaning: classical bits - the bits used to store information in our computers today
type of word formation: analogy
reason used: Bits in our computers used to store information are usually called just bits. However, physicists building a theoretical model for a quantum computer refer to bits in a quantum computer as qubits (q-bits). Hence, during a discussion about quantum computing, my friend and I felt the need to call classical bits (i.e. bits in our computers, often referred to as a classical computer) cebits (c-bits), not just bits.
dictionary entry: cebit, n.
Classical bit, as opposed to a quantum bit ("The bits in today's computers are cebits") [analogy: 'c ' + 'e' + 'bit' - cebit]

celly
context and source: "Out and about. Call the celly 268.9596!" L. M.'s away message, 10-31-03.
composed of: "cellular telephone" (portable oral communication device) + "-y" (dim)
apparent meaning: cellular phone
type of word formation: zero derivation, clipping, and derivation
reason used: The zero derivation and clipping have become standard in American usage ("cell" for "cellular telephone"), for convenience's sake. The diminutive "-y" was probably added to make the word roll off the tongue better or sound cuter.
dictionary entry: " celly, n.
cellular phone ("Remember, I'm only a celly away.") [New formation by zero derivation, clipping, and derivation from "cellular phone" + "-y".]

Cereal
context and source: Are you friggin' cereal?" (Javier Otero, November 3rd, 2003)
composed of: cereal' (no change)
apparent meaning: Another form of the word serious.
type of word formation: Slight Rhyming Compound
reason used: The speaker was probably looking for a creative, slightly humorous variation to the word serious. Cereal rhymes slightly with serious and that is the most reasonable explanation for why cereal was chosen to replace serious.
dictionary entry: Cereal
adj. Not joking : earnest: sincere. Synonym of serious. [Rhyming compound of serious]

Checkya
context and source: "Checkya later!" (As an e-mail closing from P. S., 9-24-03)
composed of: check (inspect, consult) + "ya" (informal of "you")
apparent meaning: Something along the lines of "talk to you" or "see you;" would most likely be found almost exclusively in co-occurrence with "later."
type of word formation: compounding
reason used: The word was used in an e-mail by a co-advisor to his O-Week group. In addition to being an informal and catchy signoff phrase, "checkya" implies the speaker's intention to actively keep in touch by stating that he or she will make the effort to "check in" in the future.
dictionary entry: Checkya, v.
(I will) be in touch ("Checkya later!") [new formation by compounding; formed from "check" + "you/ya"]

Cheesing
"He can't stop cheesing!"
conversation - 11/18/03
Definition - v. process of smiling uncontrollably. Probably rooted from cheese, as in "Say cheese!" while taking pictures, to make people having the appearance of smiling.

Chillax
context and source: Man, he needs to just chillax." (Andrés Sanchez, October 26th, 2003)
composed of: Chill x Relax
apparent meaning: To take it easy, cool down, or just relax. Someone can also be a 'chillaxed' person, basically meaning that they are very relaxed and calm.
type of word formation: Blend (chill & relax)
reason used: The speaker was probably looking for a word that would go beyond simply, "He needs to calm down." The blend of chill and relax suggests that the person is beyond the condition in which they may simply relax and, as a result, this word was coined to place more emphasis on how much a particular person needs to relax and chill out. The adjective form of this word was derived by adding the '-ed' suffix and the meaning slightly altered to describe someone who had achieved this state of being both chilled out and relaxed.
dictionary entry: Chillax v.
To become less tense or rigid.

Chillax
"Take it easy and chillax!"
From the movie "Final Destination 2"
Definition - to relax. The word combines "chill" and "relax."

Chillax
context and source: "Will you chillax?" (conversation with Lovett freshman 17 Oct 2003)
composed of: 'chill' (to calm down) + 'relax' (to calm down)
apparent meaning: calm down
type of word formation: blend of 'chill' + 'relax'
reason used: The speaker was trying to get someone to calm down and so would normally choose a word like 'chill' (clipped form of 'chill out') or 'relax.' However, the speaker wanted to emphasize her point especially well, and so combined two words with essentially the same meaning to doubly underscore her meaning.
dictionary entry: Chillax, v.
to calm down ('will you chillax?') [blend of 'chill' + 'relax']

chillax
context and source: "Dude, you're too stressed out. You need to just chillax." Said by my friend at dinner to me after getting out of lab. October 8, 2003
composed of: chill 'to calm down' + relax 'to become less tense'
apparent meaning: to become more relaxed, to chill out, to become less tense
type of word formation: blending and clipping
reason used: A creative new way to say chill out or relax. Sounds cooler, more hip and with it.
dictionary entry: chillax - v. to become at ease, loose, relaxed, etc. ('you need to just chillax') [blending and clipping; formed from 'chill' + 'relax']

Chillaxin
context and source: Roommated described what she was doing as "chillaxin" (Oct. 27, 2003)
composed of: chilling + relaxing
apparent meaning: Taking a break
type of word formation: blend
reason used: She found it more creative, fun and descriptive to combine the two words than to just use one.
dictionary entry: Chillaxin, adj.
To be in a state of relaxation (Come on over, I'm just chillaxin.) [new blend; formed from 'chilling' and 'relaxing']

Chineseness
n., the lifestyle or quality of Chinese. Derivation of noun from an adjective/noun "Chinese" by adding the noun-forming suffix "-ness" meaning "state" or "quality". It may also be formed by an analogy with words like "plainness" and "happiness". Context and source: "It is dangerous to bring your cultural beliefs and your Chineseness into the church."

Chipotle
context and source: "They had chipotles in the servery today" Sid Rich freshman Oct. 2003
apparent meaning: An especially large burrito
type of word formation: Brand generalization of Chipotle, a fast food burrito restaurant.
reason used: Chipotle sells the style of burrito that could be found in the servery.
dictionary entry: Chipotle, n. a large burrito [brand generalization: Chipotle, a Tex-Mex style fast food restaurant, from chipotle, Spanish, a variety of pepper]

chotch
context and source: "I can't stand being around Scott. He is such a chotch!" - John M. Hannah, Suitemate
composed of: 'chotch'
apparent meaning: Someone who is very unpleasant to be around
type of word formation: unknown, seems to be created spontaneously
reason used: The speaker wanted to illustrate how annoying the person was, but the speaker did not want to resort to profanity or use commonplace words such as 'idiot' or 'jerk.'
dictionary entry: Chotch N.
a person who is very annoying as a result of trying to be too cool or agreeable.

Christmakkuh
context and source: "It's a miracle of Christmakkuh. You've got Jesus and Moses working on your team." - The OC (A television show) 12-3-03
composed of: 'Christmas' + 'Chanukah'
apparent meaning: A combination between Christmas and Chanukah.
type of word formation: blending
reason used: The speaker wanted to create a term that would describe the combination of the two holidays. This way, instead of using the generic term 'holidays' he was able include the names of both holidays to include Jews and Christians.
dictionary entry: Christmakkuh; N.
a holiday that combines Christmas and Chanukah.

Chuuch
context and source: No matter how successful I become, I must 'member to always chuuch. - Snoop Dogg 10-30-03
composed of: 'church'
apparent meaning: the act of doing something that would seem alien to someone extremely successful.
type of word formation: almost a zero derivation
reason used: The speaker was able to communicate the importance of keeping God in his life with a single word.
dictionary entry: Chuuch; v.
the act of keeping God in your life.

claver
context and source: "She told me that Baker seems to have a high density of clavers," in conversation with J. G., Hanszen freshman. 10-21-03.
composed of: "conclave" (secret association of parties with a common goal or interest) + "-er" (noun suffix)
apparent meaning: an individual fitting a stereotype of science fiction and fantasy enthusiasts.
type of word formation: derivation and clipping
reason used: the word was coined to refer to members of Louisiana School for Math, Science, and the Arts's Conclave of Fantasy-Adventure. The word fills a gap in the American teenager's vocabulary for a very specific and well-defined demographic in high schools across the country.
dictionary entry: " claver, n. An individual outside of mainstream American teenage life, usually interested in fantasy, science fiction, and role playing games, of a particular appearance and social stratum. ("The clavers pretty much stick to themselves because they're not accepted among their peers.") [New word formation by compounding from "conclave" + "er".]

Clubbing
context and source: "Do you want to go clubbing tomorrow night?" (Claire Cambell, September 25th, 2003)
composed of: 'club' (original word) + 'b' (added vowel, such as in dubbing) + '-ing' (V)
apparent meaning: Used as a verb as in "to go clubbing," To go out to a club, normally at night.
type of word formation: Derivation of verb by affixation of '-ing' to current noun 'club'
reason used: The speaker used this as an easy way to ask a question. A nightclub or club consists of music, dancing, drinking, and eating as well. Rather than use the entire phrase "Let's go out to a club," go out to a club can now be expressed in on single verb, clubbing. This was a derivation of the word club (clipping of nightclub) to form a verb from a noun.
dictionary entry: Clubbing
v. To go out to a dance club or a nightclub to dance or simply hang out. [Derivation by affixing '-ing' (v) to 'club' (n)]

Cockblock
(V)
The act of preventing a male to talk to, dance with, or interact with a female. (This is most commonly used with girlfriends at a club, when one girl doesn't want her friend to talk to a certain boy.)
I began hearing the word in the late 1990's.
This is a compound of "cock" (in this case, using the male genitalia as a metonymy for a male) + "block."
Ex: "Francine was cockblocking me at the club on Saturday night because she didn't want me dancing with her ex-boyfriend, Sam. Every time we would try to dance with each other she would jump in between us and break us apart. How rude!" as heard in a conversation with a Jones College freshman girl, November 25, 2003.

cockblock
context and source: Something to the effect of "Don't be such a cockblock!" -- Heard from a few of my friends and also on the MTV show 'The Real World' in the spring of 2003
composed of: cock 'slang for penis' + block 'stop, impede, or prevent'
apparent meaning: someone or something preventing another person from engaging in sexual activity
type of word formation: compound
reason used: it's a short, humorous expression to describe someone or something's unwanted presence during a person's attempt to have sex
dictionary entry: cockblock - n. someone or something preventing a person from engaging in consensual sexual activity. ('My roommate tagged along when my girlfriend and I went for dinner, and his presence was such a cockblock.') [compound; formed from 'cock' + 'block']

comped
context and source: 'These rich people are in the comped category.' (comedy TV show, week of 11/24, 2003)
composed of: 'complimentary' (free, doesn't cost anything) X 'ed' (ADJ)
apparent meaning: the privileged few who don't have to work hard in life because they are rich
type of word formation: clipping with a suffix added
reason used: The TV show was trying to break society into social groups in a funny way, when it came up with this word. This word was used to describe the upper class of society; the people that don't have to work for a living or worry about anything because of their wealth. Basically, 'complimentary' was used with the suffix 'ed' to turn an adjective into a noun; a group of people that get everything pretty much free, or 'complimentary.'
dictionary entry: comped, n.
an upper level social class that use their money to get things done for them ('those comped are so full of themselves') [clipping; arising from 'complimentary' X 'ed']

complification
context and source: In another linguistics course, a student used this word to show the opposite concept to simplification in a language's history.
apparent meaning: the process of making something more complicated or more complex.
type of word formation: literal antonymization
reason used: Honestly, I think he didn't realize at the time that "complication" is a word in English and was available for his use. On a linguistic level, this new word emphasizes the verbal background and how he really wanted to convey the idea of a process, as opposed to a state of being.
dictionary entry: complification - n. - the act or process of making something more complicated or complex. Formed by taking a known word and creating what was thought to be the antonym. Students of linguistics often discuss whether English's gradual loss of grammatical rules is resulting in its simplification or its complification.

concerting
context and source: "There are very few concerting things these days, and my Spanish class is one of them." (a college student discussing being stressed 11/16/03)
apparent meaning: opposite that of 'disconcerting', implies comforting, suitable.
type of word formation: from 'disconcerting' by dropping the prefix 'dis'
reason used: a poor attempt at humor
dictionary entry: Concerting, adj.
Suitable, comforting, satisfying ('a concerting telephone conversation') [Clipping, formed from 'disconcerting']

confuzzled
context and source: "This math problem has me all confuzzled." -conversation with friend, 11/16
composed of: "confused" + "puzzled"
apparent meaning: to be both confused and puzzled by something at the same time
type of word formation: Blending
reason used: This word seems to be ideal for situations in which both "confused" and "puzzled" are applicable, and a complete description of the situation is lacking without the use of both concepts. "Confuzzled" is a logical blend of these two words, helped by the fact that there is a convenient way of splitting the two words. The prefix on "confused" is simply added to the last sounds of "puzzled." There is no awkward sound formation with this blend.
dictionary entry: Confuzzled, adj.
Bewildered; confused and puzzled at the same time [new derivation, fr. "confused" + "puzzled."]

CONFUZZLED
context and source: "I'm so confuzzled. Where are we?" Conversation; 10/9/03.
apparent meaning: Confuzzled is a combination of the meanings of confused and puzzled. This word means that a person does not understand what is happening (confused) and at the same time, he does not know how to solve whatever predicament he happens to be in (puzzled). This term was coined to give a word with both of these meanings.
type of word formation: blend of confused and puzzled
dictionary entry: confuzzled [blend confused + puzzled] Adjective. Being without comprehension of the situation to the point of not being able to solve a predicament.

Confuzzling
context and source: "It's confuzzling." (Instant messaging a friend, 10/28/03)
composed of: 'confusing' (causing confusion or disorientation, lacking clarity of meaning) ['con-/co-' (with, together) + 'fund/found/fuse' (pour, blend) + '-ing' (V, A, N, present participle)] + 'puzzling' (causing confusion or perplexity, lacking clarity of meaning) ['puzzle' (to confuse or baffle mentally) + '-ing' (V, A, N, present participle)]
apparent meaning: causing confusion, disorientation, or perplexity; lacking clarity of meaning (more or less the same meaning as 'confusing' and 'puzzling')
type of word formation: blend
reason used: Although 'confusing' and 'puzzling' (and many other synonyms of these words) adequately describe things that cause confusion and puzzlement, these words have been used to such and extent that they may no longer be of any interest to those who are fond of describing things. As a result, someone probably chose to blend two of the most common words for this quality to create a fun neologism.
dictionary entry: confuzzling, adj.
Causing confusion, disorientation, or perplexity; lacking clarity of meaning. ('a confuzzling problem') [new blend; formed from 'confusing' + 'puzzling']

conglomo-coffee
context and source: "I detest conglomo-coffee places such as Starbucks, that Empire place is so much nicer." (A friend discussing coffee shops 8/28/03)
apparent meaning: referring to coffee products sold by big-name coffee vendors such as Starbucks and Diedrich's (especially Starbucks), emphasizing the fact that they control most of the market, but have lesser quality.
type of word formation: A blend, formed from 'conglomeration' and 'coffee'
reason used: she felt very strongly about the evil that is Starbucks, and was trying to refer to it in a clever but derogatory manner. The name hints at the fact that there is nothing unique or special about Starbucks, but rather that it is a large blob of a coffee conglomerate.
dictionary entry: Conglomo-coffee, n.
A coffee product sold by large famous coffee shops that hold the monopoly in the coffee business. ('even the taste of conglomo-coffee differs from coffee made in family-owned little unknown coffee places'). {A blend, formed from 'conglomeration' and 'coffee']

continuify
context and source: "Lets try and continuify this function" (IM conversation, 11/01/03)
composed of: 'continuous' (pertaining to continuous functions) + -'ify' V. - continuify
apparent meaning: to make a function continuous
type of word formation: analogy
reason used: Continuous functions have nice properties. While discussing a math problem, the speaker wanted to make an ill-behaved function continuous so it would have nice properties. The speaker analogized 'continuous' with continuous functions and affixed a verb form to create 'continuify', to describe the process of making a function continuous.
dictionary entry: continuify, v.
Process of making a function continuous ('continuify a function') [analogy: 'continuous' (pertaining to continuous functions) + -'ify' V.]

Cookie-cutter
context and source: "At times, in fact, you feel like you're watching cookie-cutter action sequences with overcooked buddy-movie dialogue." (Click2Houston.com, 11/05/03)
composed of: 'cookie' (small, crisp, usually flat cake made from sweetened dough) + 'cut' (to form or shape by severing or incising) + '-er' (N, doer, performer of a certain action, one associated or involved with)
apparent meaning: (seemingly) mass-produced
type of word formation: zero derivation
reason used: For years, cookie dough has been cut into shapes before baking. They may have begun as circular disks, but now they resemble all sorts of animals, celestial objects, and holiday icons. Facilitating the formation of these shapes was the invention of the cookie-cutter (and later, the cookie-press), which is a (usually metal, sometimes plastic) sharp mold that cuts the desired figure from the rest of the dough. Because these utensils allow the baker to form a large number of shaped cookies at one time, these baked goods can be seen to be mass-produced, and because of this quality, many have zero-derived and semantically shifted the word 'cookie-cutter' to mean 'mass-produced,' as used for a plethora of items, such as houses, movies, and even scenes in movies. The word also seems to have a slight negative connotation, especially when referring to "original" things such as movies, books, and works of art.
dictionary entry: cookie-cutter, adj.
Mass-produced, or seemingly so. ('the lackluster, cookie-cutter films of a tired, unoriginal director') [new zero derivation; formed from 'cookie-cutter, n.']

coot
context and source: "My orthodontists is a crazy old coot." - Suitemate Mark Mendenhall 11-15-03
composed of: 'coot'
apparent meaning: elderly person, geezer.
type of word formation: unknown, but it is Southern in origin.
reason used: 'coot' not only denotes an elderly person but its connotation often implies that subject is rather loony.
dictionary entry: coot; N.
an older person who tends to be rather silly or crazy.

corpsicle
context and source: "Freeze. Wait. Reanimate. It sounds good in theory, but you're still a corpsicle." -Scientific American article by Michael Shermer, Oct. 2003 issue
composed of: corpse (dead body) + popsicle
apparent meaning: A body frozen for the purpose of reanimation at a later date.
type of word formation: Blending
reason used: Corpsicle is a cute and humorous neologism formed by blending "corpse" with "popsicle." The apparent dichotomy between a very somber word such as corpse and a "happy" word like popsicle may contribute to the appeal of this word. The blend is facilitated by the common "ps" sound at the end of corpse and in the middle of popsicle; the two words are simply joined together at that sound.
dictionary entry: Corpsicle, n.
Slang term for a cryogenically frozen body [new formation, fr. "corpse" + "popsicle"]

Cosmeceutical
context and source: Used in an Oct. 8, 2003 Houston Chronicle article to describe an industry that is merging cosmetics and medical science
composed of: cosmetics + pharmaceutical
apparent meaning: skin-care products that can both conceal and heal
type of word formation: blend
reason used: The new industry does not have a true scientific name, however the public can figure out what it does by blending the names of two long-standing industries.
dictionary entry: Cosmeceutical, adj.
Industry that is combining the beauty aspects of the cosmetics industry with the healing benefits of the pharmaceutical industry. (My new cosmeceutical cream hides and cures my wrinkles!) [new blend; formed from 'cosmetics' + 'pharmaceutical']

COTU
context and source: "My daddy calls me COTU" (a college student 9/04/03)
composed of:
apparent meaning: COTU stands for 'center of the universe", implying someone who is selfish and think that everything and everyone does and should revolver around him/her
type of word formation: acronym
reason used: the father of the girl probably made up this acronym because it fit!
dictionary entry: COTU, n.
Center Of The Universe ('what you did was very COTU-like') - center of the universeO [An acronym]

courseware
context and source: "The real hope is that we start seeing many open courseware programs, with the net result of there being a critical mass of knowledge online for people everywhere." ("MIT for Free, virtually" http://www.msnbc.com/news/973917.asp?0si=- 9/30/03)
composed of: 'course' (units of instruction in a subject) and 'software' (the programs and routines for a computer)
apparent meaning: computer programs that teach a certain subject to the user
type of word formation: blend
reason used: The person being quoted in the article needed a word that would convey the meaning of a software program that could teach a course. The blend of course and software was then used.
dictionary entry: courseware, n.
educational software used to teach a subject or course ('open courseware programs') [new blend; formed from 'course' + 'software']

Cox box
context and source: "Where is the cox box?" (conversation with Baker senior Sep 2003)
composed of: 'coxswain' (person who steers and directs rowers of a racing shell) + 'box' (solid rectangular container)
apparent meaning: used in crew (i.e. rowing club), microphone and speaker used by coxswain to communicate with rowers while in the boat
type of word formation: clipping ('coxswain' to 'cox') and compound of 'cox' + 'box'
reason used: This rhyming compound is composed of two words. The first, 'cox,' is an often used clipping of 'coxswain,' so it was not specifically clipped for this compound. However, the choice of 'box' is slightly more random, for the item itself is not contained in a box. However, the battery pack to which the microphone and speakers attach is rather box-shaped, so the choice of 'box' is somewhat justified. I believe, however, that the word 'box' was chosen more to create a rhyming compound, which is often more memorable than a non-rhyming compound, with 'cox' than for any particular merit of its own. And 'cox' was chosen for the compound instead of 'coxswain' because it was easier to find a word that rhymed with 'cox.'
dictionary entry: Cox box, n.
used in crew; microphone and speaker used by coxswain to communicate with rowers while all are in a racing shell ('have you seen the cox box?') [clipping of 'coxswain' to 'cox' and compound of 'cox' + 'box']

craction
context and source: My roommate was checking out her outfit to make sure certain things were not showing, but since she was wearing low-rise jeans and is not a waif, they were a little too low in the back. She then stated that she couldn't wear the pants because of all the craction.
apparent meaning: the appearance of someone's 'crack' or any part of someone's behind.
type of word formation: blending
reason used: We often put action at the end of phrases, and for the sake of pronunciation, she just put two words together: crack + action.
dictionary entry: craction - n. - the appearance of someone's behind, usually unintentional. That's a little bit too much craction going on back there, so pull your pants up.

CRAPTACULAR
context and source: "That movie so had the most craptacular ending ever!" - Conversation in Hanszen College, 21 Oct 2003.
composed of: CRAP + TACULAR [SPECTACULAR]
type of word formation: blend
reason used: This blend combines a functional word, SPECTACULAR, with a swear word, CRAP, that reinforces group membership (college students) and negates the positive connotations of SPECTACULAR.
dictionary entry: CRAPTACULAR, adj.
Horrible, awful, or otherwise bad in a particularly noticeable manner.

craptacular
adj.
Reading a friend's online journal 11/17/03. He was discussing his day…"so I run 3 miles around the loop. After doing that in a disgustingly craptacular time, I run another half mile to Chipotle…"
Craptacular seems to be a spin-off of 'spectacular' which suggests a display of something grand and impressive. The subject was obviously having a dismal "crappy" day, the antithesis of spectacular, hence 'craptacular'.
This word is a cut-and-pasting of the slang term 'crap': just replace 'spec' with 'crap' and it becomes craptacular. It is a blend, of sorts.
There is a very ironic, satiric connotation that comes with 'craptacular' as if the speaker/writer was annoyed at the lack of positive output but not seriously ill-affected. It sounds like a very improvisational word, as if the inventor wrote it out on the spot in part of a stream of consciousness, not even thinking that they had formed a new word.
craptacular, adj.
Annoyingly bad, unpleasant. [slang. crap + spectacular]

Creative-cat
context and source: 'You are a creative-cat' (Cranium board game, 2001)
apparent meaning: Someone who is imaginative and comes up with unique ideas for writing, speaking, drawing, and behaving.
type of word formation: Compound (A-N)
reason used: The word is used to distinguish someone and their unique abilities or characteristics. Each word in the compound starts with the same sound and so pairing them together gives a sense of sound symbolism.
dictionary entry: creative-cat, n. A person who thinks abstractly and is able to formulate unique ways to express words and actions.

creature-feature
context and source: "...a high-camp creature-feature that, astoundingly, is also a bittersweet rumination on aging." - New York Post movie review (for Bubba Ho-tep) by Megan Lehmann, late Nov.
composed of: creature + feature (movie)
apparent meaning: A movie featuring a monster, or some other type of strange being
type of word formation: rhyming compound
reason used: This is a catchy word that fits well in attention-grabbing spaces, such as movies reviews in papers such as the Post. It seems boring to say "monster movie" or, worse yet, "horror film," so a new, rhyming term was invented. Furthermore, it is very easy to discern what the word means. Even though "feature" is a somewhat archaic term for a movie, almost everyone knows what it means. It compounds extremely well with "creature" because both syllables in the two words are similar or identical.
dictionary entry: Creature-feature, n.
A movie that includes a monster or similar "scary" entity

CREEP OUT
context and source: "Get him away from me; he's creeping me out!" - Conversation at party in Jackson, Mississippi, 28 Nov 2003
composed of: CREEP + OUT
type of word formation: compound
reason used: It is a similar composition to FREAK OUT; the first word has a negative connotation of strangeness (and can be applied as a noun to dislikable persons), and the out makes it a verb. The verb actually is a generic word for any actions that one person might do to scare or disturb another person.
dictionary entry: CREEP OUT, v.
To disturb, scare, or bother in a shocking way.

Crib
"I'm about to go to my crib."
I first saw this in title of MTV show: "MTV Cribs."
Definition - place of residence, house, apartment, etc.

Crossed
"That guy with the ball just crossed him."
Conversation at the gym - 11/06/03
Definition - act of having someone perform the "cross-over" move on you. If someone does this, they have "crossed" you.

Crotch-grab
context and source: Context and source: "? the infamous crotch-grab in "Black or White"
apparent meaning: a dance move involving the grabbing of ones crotchital region
type of word formation: compound word formation
reason used: a more succinct and eye grabbing noun
dictionary entry: Crotch-grab, n. a dance move involving the grabbing of ones own crotch conspicuously [compounding: from crotch + grab]

Crowning
context and source: "Officials were particularly concerned about crowning, in which flames leap from one treetop to another, leaving firefighters on the ground all but powerless to stop them." (MSNBC.com, 10/28/03)
composed of: 'crown' (the highest point or summit, also the upper part of a tree, including the branches and leaves) + '-ing' (V, A, N, present participle)
apparent meaning: the leaping of flames from one treetop to another, as with the spread of forest fires
type of word formation: compound
reason used: The word 'crown' had already been used in reference to the higher parts of trees, so someone, apparently knowledgeable in the world of firefighting, created a new word for an event that previously had no single label. Because forest fires tend to leap from treetop to treetop, making them very difficult to contain, this disastrous occurrence needed a name, and because there was the existing word 'crown,' the addition of the present participle morpheme '-ing' resulted in the formation of the new word.
dictionary entry: crowning, n.
The leaping of flames from one treetop to another, as with the spread of forest fires. ('the uncontrollable crowning spread the forest fire across the river') [new compound; formed from 'crown' + '-ing']

Cruise
context and source: "Laundromats make for a great place to cruise." Brown RA conversation late Nov. 2003
apparent meaning: To look for people of the opposite sex to engage in conversation. To go on a flirting safari. Probably taken by metaphor from cruise, to move slowly, to shop to get extended to shopping for people of the opposite sex to mate with.
type of word formation: metaphor
reason used: Speaker wanted to invoke something smooth and suave way of hitting on people of the opposite sex while not seeming too aggressive.
dictionary entry: Cruise, v. to go flirting casually [metaphor from cruise to move in a somewhat slow manner and look for things]

'cruits
context and source: 'They're bringing the 'cruits in' (Sports website, 9/23/03)
apparent meaning: A group of people, usually newcomers. Derived from the plural noun 'recruits', meaning people that are being scouted to serve or perform specific actions. The 're' was simply dropped from the word.
type of word formation: Clipping
reason used: A shorter version of the plural noun 'recruits', possibly used to emphasize a novice skill level.
dictionary entry: 'cruits, pl.n. A group of people that are being sought out to join a team or organization.

Crunk
(ADJ)
A mixture between two states of being: crazy and drunk.
Heard from a Hanszen senior male during September, 2003.
A blend of crazy + drunk.
Ex: "Are you gonna get crunk tonight? There's a big party at Martel. There's gonna be some good music and four kegs."

crunk
context and source: "The party's going to be crunk and caliente" (a party advertisement on a flyer 11/30/03)
composed of:
apparent meaning: in this context, the word 'crunk' means cool, awesome. The party here is for Hispanic and black people, hence the 2 words used in the sentence.
type of word formation: derivation unknown, but most often encountered in African American circles
reason used: to appeal to the specific ethnic population that would benefit most from attending the party.
dictionary entry: Crunk, adj.
Cool, awesome, appealing in all respects, worthy of attention ('what a crunk place') [derivation unknown]

Crunk
context and source: "Let's get it crunk, we gon' have fun up on it?" (Mary J Blige, "Family Affair")
apparent meaning: crazy, wild
type of word formation: slang
reason used: This word has no obvious connection to other words of similar structure and meaning. It is probably a word made to sound like something fun and chaotic.
dictionary entry: Crunk adj. Crazy, chaotic, describing a situation involving many people

cyber-grounded
context and source: "A chastened Johnny was cyber-grounded for two weeks: no email, no Instant Messages, no surfing, no online access at all." -Delta Sky Magazine, November issue
composed of: "cyber" (relating to computers or the Internet) + "grounded" (slang for confined to one's room or denied freedom of actions)
apparent meaning: Having no access at all to the Internet
type of word formation: compound
reason used: The area of computing is a constant source of new words, and this a prime example. Many parents use a denial of a favored activity as a punishment, and in the modern world the use of the computer is the primary entertainment for many youngsters. In the past, being "grounded" meant being unable to leave the house or play outside; now, it is necessary to use the prefix "cyber" to convey the idea that the child is unable to use the computer. This word seems very likely to come into mainstream usage, if it has not already done so.
dictionary entry: Cyber-grounded, adj.
Describing the condition of being barred from accessing the Internet or using a computer for entertainment purposes; applies especially to children

Cyberrhea
n. a connection problem in the computer network. This word is probably formed by an analogy with "diarrhea", which refers to a problem in the intestine. The morpheme "cyber" means "computer or computer network". Context and source: In a conversation with my sister on 10/25/2003.
D
damnitology
n.
Online conversation with a friend 9/03. ?."I have so much work and damnitology to do?"
A silly word for work that is particularly frustrating and exasperating. Trying to evoke a scientific feel with the addition of 'logy' (study) onto the familiar expletive 'damnit'. There is a bit of satire as well, as real sciences such as biology and physiology can turn into 'damnitology' if the speaker/writer is especially wearisome of the situation.
This is primarily a blend of 'damnit' (slang used to express frustration to self or at something) and 'logy' which is the suffix meaning 'study' on all sciences.
This is another word that strikes me as being more useful in writing than in speech. It sounds slightly awkward and can be used to a real 'shock' effect, since the derivative, 'damnit' is usually seen/heard in a taboo setting.
damnitology,
The study of frustration, exasperation. [slang 'damnit' + logy]

Datahead
context and source: 'That guy is a datahead' (Conversation about a classmate, May, 2003)
apparent meaning: Someone who retains a lot of information and is capable of recalling that information at any time. The word might carry a connotation of being smart or even nerdy. Data 'information' + head 'body part'.
type of word formation: Compound (N-N)
reason used: The compound is a way to classify someone intellectually and describe the quality of his or her knowledge.
dictionary entry: datahead, n. A person full of knowledge, usu. a nerd or over-achieving student.

dawg
"Meet Jose, he's my dawg."
Conversation 11/18/03
Definition - buddy, pal, etc.

Dealio
context and source: 'What's the dealio' (Teen People, October 2003 issue)
apparent meaning: A casual situation or scenario usually involving an agreement between parties. The '-io' ending, which has no inherited meaning was added to the noun 'deal', making the new word cute and fun.
type of word formation: Derivation
reason used: The speaker was seeking a way to be informed about something. Perhaps the '-io' is a new diminutive ending, meaning in this word a small event or short scenario.
dictionary entry: dealio, n. A situation, plan, or happenings.

deep on-campus
context and source: As opposed to the common Rice term 'deep off-campus' or 'deep OC,' I feel that there are people who are deep on campus as well.
apparent meaning: incredibly involved in activities on campus, and oblivious to what is beyond the hedges.
type of word formation: compounding
reason used: I couldn't use the term 'deep OC' to refer to this concept because deep off-campus already owns it. But I wanted to convey the same concept, just in opposite spheres.
dictionary entry: deep on-campus - adj. - describes a person who is overly involved with on-campus events to the point that they almost never go off-campus. College presidents and pre-meds are usually very deep on-campus.

Delio
context and source: What's the delio?" (Michelle Polintan, November 20th, 2003)
composed of: deal x yo + i (filler between del and o)
apparent meaning: What is currently happening, or an explanation of what is occurring.
type of word formation: Blend (deal & yo) A filler 'i' is added and the 'a' from deal is deleted from the original word
reason used: In this case, the speaker involved the phrase "What's the deal, yo?" This phrase basically means "What's going on?" As the phrase became more widespread, users began to shorten the length of the last two words. Eventually, either through the speed of speech or simply the desire to compile two words into one, the 'deal, yo' blended to from the neologism 'delio.' Thus through blend word formation, another word was coined by the speakers of the English language.
dictionary entry: Delio
n. An event, situation, occurrence that is currently happening or has just taken place. [Blend compound formed from the words deal and yo]

defenged
context and source: "You've defenged it" (overheard in a conversation about a tarp being painted with friend 10/8/03)
composed of: formed from 'de-' (in reverse, away, down) + 'feng shui' (The Chinese practice of positioning objects based on a belief in patterns of yin and yang and the flow of chi that have positive and negative effects) + '-ed' (past tense)
apparent meaning: the positive effects from the painted tarp were gone
type of word formation: clipping and derivation
reason used: The speaker was discussing the feng shui of the tarp being painted at MOB rehearsal with friends. When someone stepped on the wet tarp, the speaker wanted to express how all good energy from the tarp had been lost. The morpheme 'de-' was added to the clipping of feng shui along with the past tense morpheme '-ed' to get defenged.
dictionary entry: defenged v.
past tense. the driving away of positive energy or effects of an object [new clipping/derivation; formed from 'de-' + 'feng shui' + '-ed']

derivitate
context and source: "How do we derivitate this problem?" -roommate, working on math homework 11/16
composed of: "derivative" (calculus property) and "-ate" (verb suffix)
apparent meaning: a synonym for "differentiate" (a process in calculus)
type of word formation: Analogy/Affixation
reason used: This word is simply a synonym for "differentiate," an oft-used process in calculus. The noun used to describe the result of differentiation is the "derivative," so a natural process is to create the word "derivitate" to describe the process. This is analogous to other word pairs that add the suffix "-ate" to a noun or adjective to form a verb.
dictionary entry: Derivate, v.
In calculus, to perform processes that yield the derivative of a function; differentiate
[fr. "de" (out of) + "rivus" (stream) + "ate"]

DERIVATIZE
context and source: "When you derivatize f(x)=x, you get df/dx=1." Conversation; 10/29/03.
apparent meaning: Derivatize means to take the derivative of a function, as in calculus. The term was coined to be easier than the more correct and accepted term, differentiate, which is harder to come up with quickly. This word has a more natural feel, as it is formed in a more native way using the verb forming suffix "-ize." Differentiate is more difficult to produce quickly because the stem part of the word changes radically.
type of word formation: back formation, from derivative to differentiate back to derivatize
dictionary entry: derivatize [derivat- + izeV] Verb. To differentiate a function.

desi
context and source: "The desi population at Rice isn't too high" (conversation, 9/17/03)
apparent meaning: people of Indian or Pakistani origin
type of word formation: zero derivation
reason used: The speaker (a person of Indian origin) wanted a word to refer to people from the Indian subcontinent. She used this word from Hindi directly. This word is now used quite commonly.
dictionary entry: desi, n.
A person of Indian or Pakistani origin ('He is a desi') [zero derivation: 'desi', orig. from Hindi, meaning native]

DETRAY
context and source: "Joe, detray and we can fit you in." - Conversation in Hanszen Commons, 26 Oct 2003.
composed of: DE- + TRAY
type of word formation: derivation and zero derivation
reason used: This was a spontaneous creation at lunch; someone coined it as a fast way of saying "Get rid of the tray," first by changing TRAY from a noun to a verb and then by negating the action with DE-, a common prefix for verbs of removal.
dictionary entry: DETRAY, v.
To remove a tray from one's personal space.

Digicam
context and source: Many ads for sales the day after Thanksgiving (Nov. 2003) featured specials on digicams
composed of: digital camera
apparent meaning: Digital Camera
type of word formation: blend
reason used: Digital Camera is a rather long word to say, so the two words were clipped and then blended together.
dictionary entry: Digicam, n.
A digital camera. (This digicam has so much memory!) [blend, formed from 'digital' + 'camera']

Digititis
context and source: 'Are you suffering from digititis?' Question posed by a narrator of a television commercial. (10/17/03).
apparent meaning: A medical condition of the hands, similar to arthritis. Digit 'finger' + -itis 'inflammation'.
type of word formation: Blend
reason used: The speaker wanted to convey a condition with which people were familiar but at the same time use a new word to make his or her promotion sound modern and on the cutting edge.
dictionary entry: digititis, n. A condition in which the joints on fingers are enlarged.

Dizzle
context and source: The University of Iowa had nicknamed VP for student services 'dizzle' in order to make student/administrator interactions more fun. They changed the name when students said it was slang for an alcoholic redneck. (Omaha World Herald Nov. 17, 2003)
composed of: Possibly based off of drizzle
apparent meaning: an alcoholic redneck
type of word formation: slang
reason used: The administrators were trying to catch onto the hip hop "izzle" craze, but failed.
dictionary entry: Dizzle, n.
An alcoholic redneck. (Man, he's such a dizzle; he just sits on the front porch and drinks all day) [slang, formation unknown]

DL
context and source: Keep it on the DL." (Megan Kanagy, November 8th, 2003)
composed of: 'D' (down ) + 'L' (low)
apparent meaning: Keep it quiet or under wraps. Do not openly reveal or publicize.
type of word formation: Acronym (Down Low)
reason used: This originally began as keeping something down low, in other words keeping something real quiet or secret. It was a metaphorical use in which the information is kept where it isn't "visible" to everyone and only a select few are aware of it. Later, this became shortened to the acronym, or abbreviation, DL from down low.
dictionary entry: D.L.
v. To keep information limited to only a certain few people who need know. [Acronym that stands for down low]

DL
context and source: On someone's AIM profile, there is a DL of the day section that says which song she downloaded and is now listening to.
apparent meaning: the abbreviation of download.
type of word formation: abbreviation
reason used: With the word 'download' becoming more and more taboo, people are inventing ways to speak of this practice that does not offend people. It's also easier to say DL, which is great for someone who downloads a lot of music and likes to talk to people about it.
dictionary entry: DL - n. - abbrev. of download, a song that was obtained by downloading from one's computer. It takes FOREVER to find DL's from The Breakfast Club soundtrack.

dollarization
context and source: "Increased trade with the US will result in dollarization of the Indian economy" (interview with a business analyst, Star News, 8/14/03)
composed of: 'dollar' + -'ize' V. + -'ate' V. + -'ion' - dollarization
apparent meaning: there will be more transactions in US dollars in the Indian economy
type of word formation: derivation (affixation)
reason used: The speaker wanted to convey that there will be a greater presence of US currency in the Indian economy.
dictionary entry: dollarization, n.
Increased transactions with the US, resulting in greater presence of American money in an economy ('dollarization of an economy') [derivation: 'dollar' + -'ize' V. + -'ate' V. + -'ion']

DOWN LOW
context and source: "Keep it on the down low, ok?" Conversation; 11/16/03.
apparent meaning: When someone tells you to keep a fact on the "down low," they are asking you to keep it secret. This makes sense, as something down low is hidden or not apparent on the surface. This term was coined to allow for a more hip way of asking someone to keep a secret.
type of word formation: metaphor, as something concrete can be down low or hidden, something abstract can be secret
dictionary entry: down low [metaphor of "down low" as in placement] Noun. Secret.

drinkathon
Reading the British tabloids online: http://media.guardian.co.uk/diary/ 12/03. "Drama at the British Society of Magazine Editors awards drinkathon, sorry, ceremony this week?"
"Drinkathon" seems to be a large social gathering that is basically an excuse to drink excessive alcohol. 'Drink' refers to alcohol, the suffix '-athon' refers to some sort of race or drawn-out activity, presumably from 'marathon', from which many nouns have been coined. It is very easy to take any verb and slap '-athon' on the end to turn it into a word that denotes an activity that lasts a very long time.
This word is a blend of 'drink' (to drink alcohol) and 'marathon' (activity that lasts a long time).
This word was obviously coined in jest, to make fun of people who party under the pretense of official business. The British are funny very funny, inventive writers, not afraid to coin new words or modify existing ones to suit the situation.
drinkathon, n.
An extended party or event involving the consumption of alcohol. [drink + marathon]

Druggy
adj. relating to drugs. Zero derivation from the noun "druggy". This derivation is sensible as many adjectives bear the suffix -y (meaning "rich in/ full of"), e.g. sexy, rosy and crazy. Another possible way of forming the word is by analogy-"rose" --> "rosy", "drug" --> "druggy". Context and source: "High school students are attracted to druggy and sexy things."

Dudely
context and source: "That's dudely." (Conversation with friend, 11/11/03)
composed of: 'dude' (man, fellow, multipurpose interjection) + '-ly' (like, resembling)
apparent meaning: excellent, nifty, groovy, cool
type of word formation: compound
reason used: Originally, the word 'dude' referred to an American city slicker who vacationed out West. It was later popularly used in reference to people, originally males, who were somehow "cool." The female version of the word was 'dudette.' Now, the word 'dude' seems to appear most often as an interjection with a wide range of uses. It can convey approval, congratulation, or even a salutation. If 'dude' is taken to mean 'someone or something that is cool (in the modern, slangy sense),' the addition of the adjectival morpheme '-ly' would give 'dudely' a meaning like 'resembling someone or something that is cool,' which can be shortened simply to 'cool.'
dictionary entry: dudely, adj.
Excellent, nifty, groovy, cool. ('a dudely gadget') [new compound; formed from 'dude' + '-ly']

E
E-linquent
context and source: "Juvenile e-linquents: could they be yours'" -Delta Sky Magazine, November issue
composed of: "E-" (prefix denoting a relation to the world of technology and computing) + delinquent (one with a tendency to commit crimes)
apparent meaning: one who makes trouble or misbehaves online or on the Internet
type of word formation: Blending
reason used: "E-linquent" is a rather clever term for computer users, usually youngsters, who use today's technology (especially the Internet) to commit crimes or create trouble. Like the previous word, "e-linquent" is a modernization of an older word, delinquent. The prefix "E-" connotes something that is modern; blending it with "delinquent" evokes images of a technology-savvy troublemaker. This word is especially well-formed because the long e sound is present in both delinquent and e-linquent; therefore, it is easy to form the latter word through blending.
dictionary entry: E-linquent, n.
One who utilizes technology to commit crimes or make mischief; applies especially to young people [modernization of "delinquent"].

e-pal
n. a friend which communicates with one by e-mails. This is probably formed by analogizing with the word "pen-pal", which refers to a friend that keeps in contact with another person using letters (pens). Or it may be formed by concatenating the letter "e", which now commonly stands for "electronic" (by acronym) and "pal", which means "friend". Context and source: In a conversation with my sister on 11/15/2003

e-voting
context and source: "Diebold drops e-voting lawsuit" (read on msnbc.com on 12/1/03)
composed of: 'electronic' (implemented on a computer) + 'voting' (a way a preference is made known)
apparent meaning: voting that is done online
type of word formation: blend
reason used: The article was about voting online electronically. The author needed a catchy title so people would read the article. Saying electronic voting in the article title would be too long so a shortening was used.
dictionary entry: e-voting n.
online voting ('drops e-voting lawsuit') [new blend; formed from 'electronic' + 'voting']

Earworm
context and source: "Everybody has known what it feels like to have an earworm." (Host of Total Request Live, MTV, October 5th, 2003)
composed of: Ear(n) x Worm(n)
apparent meaning: A song that won't go away, and gets stuck in your head.
type of word formation: Simple noun-noun compounding, concatenation. (ear & worm), Metaphor
reason used: This is a creative metaphorical compound neologism. The word allows the speaker to provide an image to supplement the definition of the new word. Imagine a worm crawling through one's ear into the very depths of your mind. Not only that, but it seems like there is no way to get it out. This feeling is precisely what one experiences when a song gets "stuck" in one's head. The tune or lyrics continue to bombard your thoughts and often you to actually sing or hum the song to release it in some form. The song therefore becomes this earworm that usually doesn't leave one's mind easily or quickly.
dictionary entry: Earworm
n. A song (the tune/lyrics) that repeats over and over inside a person's head, usually refers to after the song has stopped playing. [Compounding of ear & worm]

Earworm
context and source: Earworm was used on a show on MTV in October, 2003 in order to describe a song that is "stuck in your head."
composed of: Ear (body part) + worm (object that crawls and gets stuck places)
apparent meaning: song that is constantly replaying in your head
type of word formation: blend
reason used: There is no concise word to describe the idea that a song is stuck in your head, and an earworm implies that something is caught in your ear and can't get out, therefore carrying a close meaning with it.
dictionary entry: Earworm, n.
A song stuck in your head (That song is so catchy it's an earworm.) [new blend; formed from 'ear' + 'worm']

ear worm
context and source: Cosmopolitan used this term to describe a song that gets stuck in your head, and rated the 5 most common ones.
apparent meaning: song that gets stuck in one's head easily
type of word formation: sensory compounding
reason used: Worms and these songs are related in that they are insignificant but highly undesirable things, and since everyone is familiar with a song that gets stuck in your head, it made sense to have a shorter phrase to describe it. That happens with words that are quite common. If this catches on, I wouldn't be surprised if it became earworm in a few months.
dictionary entry: ear worm - n. - a song or any catchy sample of audio that repeats itself in someone's mind. Britney Spears has put out entire albums of ear worms like no other artist.

Edress
context and source: What's your edress'" (Andy Johnson, November 23rd, 2003)
composed of: Email x Address
apparent meaning: Referring to someone's e-mail address.
type of word formation: Blend (email & address)
reason used: This coinage occurred for a common reason. In searching for a quicker or easier way to ask for someone's email address, the speaker blended both words. Edress is yet another example of the formation of a word for the purpose of shortening and simplifying the original word.
dictionary entry: Edress
n. An e-mail address [Blend compound formed from the word email and address]

edutainment
context and source: "If he gets on the computer he can only play edutainment games." (read on online comic 11/20/03)
composed of: 'education' (the knowledge obtained by a learning process) + 'entertainment' (something that amuses or pleases)
apparent meaning: a game (software) that can provide entertainment while teaching a child.
type of word formation: blend
reason used: The character in the comic was dropping her sun off at the babysitter and didn't want her son playing mindless computer games. She wanted a way to describe an educational computer game, so she used a blend of education and entertainment.
dictionary entry: edutainment n.
software that entertains while teaching information to the user ('edutainment games') [new blend; formed from 'education' + 'entertainment']

Egosurf
context and source: "I can't believe he's so conceited. He actually egosurfed!" (conversation with Lovett freshmen 26 Aug 2003)
composed of: 'ego' (self-esteem) + 'surf' (to search the internet for something of interest)
apparent meaning: to look oneself up on an internet search engine, usually for a boost of self-esteem
type of word formation: compound of 'ego' + 'surf'
reason used: 'Surfing' is a common way of talking about searching the internet. The 'ego' is the self or self-esteem. So egosurfing has a dual meaning-both searching the internet for mentions yourself and searching the internet for mentions of yourself to improve your self-esteem. With the ever increasing popularity of the internet and improvement of search engines, people have been able to look up ever more narrow subjects-themselves included. So 'egosurfing' was coined to describe this phenomenon.
dictionary entry: Egosurf, v.
to look oneself up on the internet using an internet search engine, esp. to improve one's self-esteem ('only conceited people egosurf') [compound of 'ego'+ 'surf']

Elliptical
context and source: "If you can't come [to practice] the best thing you can do is work on your cardiovascular fitness. This is (sic) means running, swimming, ellipticalling, etc. for at least 30 minutes." (e-mail from crew coach 14 Sep 2003)
composed of: 'elliptical trainer' (type of machine designed to increase cardiovascular strength)
apparent meaning: to use the elliptical trainer
type of word formation: clipping ('elliptical trainer' to 'elliptical') and zero derivation ('elliptical', n. to 'to elliptical', v.)
reason used: The elliptical trainer has become a popular method of working out. The author was explaining that those who could not come to practice should work out on their own, and gave examples of possible ways of doing so. The motion made while on the elliptical trainer is not one that can be replicated without the machine, so no verb existed for this motion previously. The author was attempting to find a shorter way of saying 'to use the elliptical trainer' and so zero derived the first part of the name for the machine.
dictionary entry: Elliptical, v.
to use an elliptical trainer ('ellipticalling at the gym') [zero derivation of clipped noun 'elliptical trainer']

Emoticon
context and source: A friend made a new message board and stated that the variety of emoticons available were a positive trait of this kind of board. (Nov. 25, 2003)
composed of: Emotion + icon
apparent meaning: Icons that show feelings
type of word formation: blend
reason used: While the smiley face icon came first, it was followed soon thereafter by a host of different kind of faces with different emotions. Emoticon blends the two words nicely and it has definitely caught on.
dictionary entry: Emoticon, n.
Computer icon of a face with an obvious emotion. (I love her giddy emoticon.) [new blend; formed from 'emotion' + 'icon']

Engineerize
v. to make a person more like an engineer student (of Hong Kong universities), which has stereotypes of being lazy and mischievous. Derivation of verb from a noun "engineer" by adding the verb-forming suffix "-ize" meaning "become like". It may also be formed by an analogy with words like "Americanize". Context and source: "I have successfully engineerized Peter."

ENSORCERIZING
context and source: "The mobile's disks' replaced for me the ensorcerizing waving of tree leaves." - Annie Dillard, An American Childhood.
composed of: EN- + SORCER [SORCERY] + -IZ [-IZE] + -ING
type of word formation: derivation
reason used: The affixes on this word mimic its synonyms; "enchanting" and "bewitching" have the progressive particle suffix and a prefix. However, to fit this pattern, Dillard first had to add the -IZE verb suffix, then she could add the other affixes.
dictionary entry: ENSORCERIZING, adj.
Enchanting or bewitching in a hypnotic or otherwise captivating way.

equipmental
context and source: "Possible sources of error for this experiment include equipmental errors'"
composed of: equipment + "-al" (adjective suffix)
apparent meaning: to do with equipment used in an experiment
type of word formation: Analogy/affixation
reason used: Equipmental was simply formed by adding an adjective suffix to an entire noun. It appears to have been used in an attempt to sound "more scientific" by using a longer word. The word takes the place of several shorter words that would have been necessary, such as "caused by the equipment." The word is analogous to other words formed by adding "al" to a noun, such as "developmental."
dictionary entry: Equipmental, adj.
Of or having to do with equipment, especially scientific equipment or apparatuses.

Espy
"Stay tuned for the Espy Awards, next."
Name of a series of annual sports awards, given by members of the media
As the network ESPN hosts and created the awards, the name of the award became "Espy" by dropping the N and adding the Y to ESPN.

ETEXT
context and source: "We want people to be able to look up quotations they heard in conversation, movies, music, other books, easily with a library containing all these quotations in an easy to find etext format." - "Project Gutenberg Official Home Site - History and Philosophy." Online at < http://www.promo.net/pg/history.html >. Last updated 13 May 2002.
composed of: E- [ELECTRONIC] + TEXT
type of word formation: abbreviation
reason used: Although no dictionaries carry the word, it was probably coined in 1971 with the advent of online republication of great works; the abbreviation itself is patterned on EMAIL.
dictionary entry: ETEXT, n.
A literary or reference work converted into a text-based file on the Internet, usu. downloadable, searchable, and made available for free. [also used as adj.]

Euroskeptic
context and source: "' [T]here is little likelihood of a major government initiative to swing a euroskeptic nation behind the euro." (New York Times Online 15 Sep 2003)
composed of: 'euro' (currency for most nations of the European Union) + 'skeptic' (one who doubts a particular thing)
apparent meaning: characterized by being unsure of the benefits of adopting the euro as a form of currency
type of word formation: compound of 'euro' and 'skeptic'
reason used: The author was discussing the likelihood of nations in the European Union who do not currently use the euro (i.e. United Kingdom) of switching to the euro. He was trying to convey the idea that some countries are skeptical of the benefits of the euro, and so compounded 'euro' and 'skeptic.'
dictionary entry: Euroskeptic, adj.
characterized by being skeptical of the benefits of switching to the euro as a form of currency ('euroskeptic nations') [compound of 'euro' + 'skeptic']

exabyte
context and source: "Future computers will be able to store exabytes of information" (conversation with a computer scientist, 10/25/03)
composed of: 'exa'- (10^18) +'byte' (unit of storage of information) - exabyte
apparent meaning: 10^18 bytes
type of word formation: derivation (affixation)
reason used: The speaker wanted to quantify a large number of bytes. A few years, gigabyte wasn't a very common term. Now, due to faster and better computers, gigabyte and gigahertz are common terms. Similarly, I foresee, exabyte and exahertz becoming common terms in the future.
dictionary entry: exabyte, n.
10^18 bytes, or a billion billion bytes ('This hard disk has 1 exabyte storage capacity') [derivation (affixation): 'exa'- + 'byte' - exabyte]

Exonym
n. a name for a group of outsiders. Concatenation of the prefix "ex-" meaning "out" (or "exo-", which means "outside") and "onym" which means "name". Context and source: "And they have all these exonyms for those who are unlike them." (In a conversation with a high school teacher on 10/25/2003)

Extrasolar
context and source: "A parallel question, albeit in less extravagant form, was posed by former NASA administrator, Daniel Goldin, shortly after astronomers detected the first extrasolar planets around normal stars." (SPACE.com, 11/21/03)
composed of: 'extra-' (outside) + 'sol' (sun) + '-ar' (A, of, pertaining to)
apparent meaning: beyond the sun or the solar system
type of word formation: compound
reason used: The morpheme 'extra-' can be used to describe things as being outside or above other things, so attaching it to the word 'solar' (of, pertaining to, or proceeding from the sun) creates a new word meaning 'outside of the sun.' However, in the case of extrasolar planets, the planets must be outside of the solar system, because the nature of planets requires that they not be within any stars. Therefore, this meaning must also be included, but the more general meaning of 'outside of the sun' seems to have some importance, so I have classified the word as a compound without any elements of clipping (from 'solar system' to 'solar').
dictionary entry: extrasolar, adj.
Beyond the sun or the solar system. ('extrasolar planets') [new compound; formed from 'extra-' + 'sol' + '-ar']
F
Facronym
context and source: "I'm really good at facronyms." (Watching TV show, 10/25/03)
composed of: 'fact' (something demonstrated to exist or to have existed) + 'acronym' (word formed from the initial letters of a name with multiple words) ['ac/acer/acr' (sharp, tip, extremities) + 'onym' (name)]
apparent meaning: an acronym (word formed from the initial letters of a name with multiple words) for a an organization, device, or idea with a specialized function or with a name composed of many polysyllabic words
type of word formation: blend
reason used: For humorous effect, the writer on this television show chose to coin a new word for acronyms whose meanings are unusually sesquipedalian.
dictionary entry: facronym, n.
A word (formed from the initial letters of a name with multiple words) for an organization, device, or idea with a specialized function or with a name composed of many polysyllabic words. ('to be good at facronyms') [new blend; formed from 'fact' + 'acronym']

Falloween
context and source: "Don't get me started on outfits for pets or the move to extend the holiday into an event that runs for a whole season so that it becomes-you'll love this-'Falloween.'" (Time 23 Oct 2003)
composed of: 'fall' (season that runs from mid-September to mid-December) + 'Halloween' (holiday that falls at the end of October)
apparent meaning: time period leading up to and including Halloween which seems to get longer and longer every year, so that fall and Halloween seem synonymous
type of word formation: blend of 'fall' + 'Halloween'
reason used: The author was complaining about the amount of lead-up given to Halloween by certain people, especially in stores. He argued that Halloween-themed items were in stores for the entire first half of fall, instead of just right before the holiday, creating a new season, which he dubbed, somewhat derisively, with a blend of 'fall' and 'Halloween.'
dictionary entry: Falloween, n.
First part of fall, during which items are advertised and sold for the Halloween holiday ('Falloween starts earlier and earlier every year') [blend of 'fall' + 'Halloween']

fangoriously
context and source: "Betty was fangoriously devoured by the gelatinous monster." (In conversation with friend 9/17/03)
composed of: 'fang' (A long, sharp, pointed tooth) + 'gory' (full of violence and bloodshed) + i (filler) + '-ous' (ADJ) + '-y' (N)
apparent meaning: an act that is very graphic or bloody, and involves fangs
type of word formation: blend & derivation
reason used: The speaker wanted to convey the way the fictional character in his story was being devoured by the gelatinous monster. No current words convey his meaning, so he formed a new word using different morphemes.
dictionary entry: fangoriously adv.
in a gory, graphic manor, usually involving fangs in some way. ('fangoriously devoured') [new blend/derivation; formed from 'fang' + 'gory' + '-i' + '-ous' + '-y']

fangoriously
context and source: 'The person was being fangoriously devoured by a gelatinous monster.' (Some guy in Lovett commons, he said he got it from http://www.homestarrunner.com/sbemail84.html week of 11/3, 2003)
composed of: 'fang' (a sharp pointed tooth) X 'gore' (horrible scene or bloodshed) X 'i' X 'ous' (ADJ) X 'ly' (ADV)
apparent meaning: describing a disgusting or horrible act such as being eaten, mauled, etc
type of word formation: blend, and or analogy
reason used: I know what you are thinking: weird word from a weird source, but hear me out. While the source is somewhat questionable, this a great blend of several words and word endings, both adjective and adverb! I think it is a great example of how easily new words can be formed by simply adding suffixes to a word. This word was used to describe someone being eaten by a monster, and it incorporates some fang imagery. Also, you could think of the word as 'furiously gnashing of teeth.' I have also heard the word 'fangoria' used by people to describe weird or creepy things associated with horror, i.e. Fangoria magazine.
dictionary entry: fangoriously, adv.
Describing the furious gnashing of teeth, fangs, etc ('the lion ate his food rather fangoriously') [new blend or analogy; arising from 'fang' X 'gore' X 'i' X 'ous' X 'ly' ]

Fave
context and source: "Out of all the characters, Aragorn's my fave." (K.T.Weber, October 2nd, 2003)
composed of: 'fav' (from favorite) + 'e' (adj, n)
apparent meaning: Same as favorite, just a clipping or shortening of the word. Used to describe a preferred item, person, place, etc.
type of word formation: Clipping (favorite)
reason used: This is yet another instance in the English language (or any language) of a "slang" word coined from the clipping or shortening of an existing word. The common explanation for these occurrences is that the speaker thought of it as easier to shorten the word rather than say the whole thing. Instead of using a word with three syllables, now the speaker can convey the same meaning in just one. The word was formed from cutting off the 'fav-' from favorite and adding an '-e' ending to complete the formation of the word. Depending on the context of the word, "fave" can either be used as a noun or an adjective.
dictionary entry: Fave
n. A person or thing that is favored above others.
adj. Used to describe that which is favored.
[Clipping of the word favorite]

FEEB
context and source: "That guy who crossed in front of me without looking is such a feeb!" Conversation; 10/25/03.
apparent meaning: Feeb is an insulting term that implies that someone or their actions are stupid. It also implies that the person somehow cannot help how imbecilic they are. This word was coined to imply in one word that someone is hopelessly stupid.
type of word formation: clipping of feeble, as in feeble minded; zero derivation adjective to noun
dictionary entry: feeb [clipping of feeble] Noun. A person who is hopelessly stupid.

fetishization
n.
"Love in the Time of No Time", by Jennifer Egan, in the New York Times magazine, 11/23/03…."Chemistry is a word you hear a lot among online daters; sine quo non of the enterprise and the object of a fair bit of fetishization…"
This word obviously derives from the n. root 'fetish' which has two possible meanings in this context: 1) an object, or idea eliciting strong reverence or devotion, or 2) an object or non-genital part of the body that is repeatedly preferred or exclusively used for achieving sexual excitement. Paired with the noun-forming suffix '-ion', fetishization might refer to the act or process of turning an online love affair into some sort of obsession (sexual or not). Since online relationships between people can be somewhat intangible due to the distance between computers, fetishes perhaps become more common, and easier to acquire because of the impersonality of the Internet.
'Fetishization' implies that there is also a verb 'to fetishize' meaning, to turn something into a fetish, i.e. an obsession, fixation. "Fetishization" is then an affixation, formed by sticking the noun-forming suffix '-ion' onto the verb 'fetishize'.
The article that this word appeared in was about the rising phenomenon of online relationships and their success rates. I think the use of 'fetishizatation' suggests that the "chemistry" felt between online daters is fleeting and unstable, and is not real but dissipates as soon as the computer is turned off, and the reason that the people involved feel any sort of attachment in the first place is through a common diversion, or way to arouse themselves.
fetishization, n.
The act or process of turning something into a fetish, obsession. [fetish + -ize (v) + -ion (n)]

Fishizzle
context and source: "Are you going to NOD'"
"Fishizzle!" (Two Rice students, October 27, 2003).
apparent meaning: absolutely, definitely
type of word formation: sloppy derivation of "for sure"
reason used: This word may have been used to signal one's being "in the know" of up to date teen terminology. It is a sloppy derivation used in informal youth-to-youth conversation.
dictionary entry: Fishizzle adv. An expression meaning 'certainly' or 'definitely' used in informal speech.

FLESHFLAKE
context and source: "A dot appears, a fleshflake." - Annie Dillard, Pilgrim at Tinker Creek
composed of: FLESH + FLAKE
type of word formation: compound
reason used: The compound, in context, should elicit an association with SNOWFLAKE.
dictionary entry: FLESHFLAKE, n.
A small scrap of skin or flesh.

to flip a lid
context and source: "When I saw the grade I got on that test, I flipped a lid!" (a college student describing her reaction 11/30)
apparent meaning: to panic, to freak out, carries specifically negative connotations. The test score was not so pleasing, thus the reaction was that of becoming irritated and upset.
type of word formation: analogy
reason used: in order to correctly express the level of upsetness, a humorous interesting expression is used.
dictionary entry: Flip a lid,v.
To react negatively to a stressor, to get upset and irritated, to freak out ('he flipped a lid when he saw her standing there') [An analogy]

Fly
(ADJ) Someone or something that is extremely hip, sexy, trendy, in style, or awesome.
The word began appearing in pop culture in the late 1990's, especially in the rap community, but recently it has become more main stream.
A zero derivation of the verb form of the word "fly." It most likely emerged as a type of metaphor deriving from the verb "fly" because objects that are extremely new and cool are above everything else, or ahead of everyone else. Hence, they fly by the rest.
Ex: "Sugar, how you get so fly'" lyrics to a hip/hop song by Baby Beesh which debuted in 2003.

Fly
context and source: "That chick in your econ class is so fly." Suitemate Alec Young 11-3-03
composed of: fly
apparent meaning: attractive
type of word formation: zero derivation.
reason used: Instead of using the usual adjective such as attractive or pretty, the speaker used 'fly' to emphasize the beauty of the subject.
dictionary entry:Fly; adj.
incredibly gorgeous or attractive.

FO' SHIZZLE
context and source: "We'll be ready when Kristian returns, which will be at five-thirty at the latest, fo' shizzle." - Conversation in Hanszen College, 25 Nov 2003.
composed of: FO' [FOR] + SHIZZLE [SURE + infix -IZZ-]
type of word formation: derivation
reason used: deleted final R of FOR and the infix -IZZ-, although now used by a larger social segment, originally linked African-American youth and culture.
dictionary entry: FO' SHIZZLE, interj.
Certainly, for sure, of course. [also FO' SHEEZY]

FONDREN
context and source: "He was here a second ago, but now he's out Fondrening." - Conversation in Hanszen College, 23 Nov 2003.
composed of: FONDREN
type of word formation: zero derivation
reason used: This zero derivation exemplifies the younger generations' penchant for verbing words. This particular case is a very localized word, unintelligible beyond the Rice University community.
dictionary entry: FONDREN, v.
To study at the Fondren Library on the Rice University campus.

fooding
context and source: "I am fooding myself." - "away" message from online profile of friend
composed of: "food" + "-ing" (or "food" + "feeding")
apparent meaning: eating or feeding
type of word formation: Blending or Analogy
reason used: In this case, "fooding" appears to have been used as a replacement for "feeding," which seems to be a case of blending. Instead of saying that he was feeding himself, the source of this word said he was fooding himself. This seems to be an attempt to specify exactly how he was feeding himself, i.e. with food. Although it seems logical that food is the normal means of feeding oneself, perhaps the source just wanted to be extra clear. There is another possibility with this word, however. If the object "myself" had not been used after the word, "fooding" could be construed to mean "eating." In this case, the word would have been formed by adding a verb suffix to a noun - similar to the formation of LPAPing.
dictionary entry: Fooding, v.
Intransitive: feeding [new derivation, fr. "food" + "feeding"]
Transitive: eating [new derivation, fr. "food" + "-ing"]

Four-wheel
context and source: "Let's four-wheel this December." Friend from Tennessee Oct. 2003
apparent meaning: to take a four-wheel drive vehicle driving off roads in fields it is probably taken by metonymy from four-wheeler derived and take by clipping from four-wheel drive vehicle
type of word formation: zero derivation and metonymy
reason used: to go off-reading is common for the speaker but he wanted to get across the point that we would be using cars that truly had four-wheel drive.
dictionary entry: Four-wheel, v. to drive a four-wheel drive vehicle in fields usually in such a fashion that a two-wheel drive vehicle would be insufficient [metonymy: from four-wheeler from four-wheel drive vehicle]

FRAG
context and source: How many frags did you have'" Conversation; 10/7/03.
apparent meaning: The word frag is probably a shortening of "fragmentation grenade" and so it can mean this kind of grenade. When used as a noun, as in the example above, it means kills in a video game. When used as a verb, frag means to kill someone's character in a video game in any fashion or with a fragmentation grenade. This term was probably created to replace the more vulgar term "kill" which could upset parents and people who do not play video games.
type of word formation: clipping of fragmentation
dictionary entry: frag [clipping of fragmentation] Noun. A kill, as in a video game. Verb. To kill someone's character in a video game, especially using a fragmentation grenade.

Frankenfish
context and source: Scientists have genetically altered a species of aquarium fish so that they will glow under a black light. (Houston Chronicle, Dec. 2, 2003)
composed of: Frankenstein + fish
apparent meaning: Fish that were genetically engineered by humans.
type of word formation: blend
reason used: The fish are slightly eerie in a sense, both because they are the first genetically engineered household pets and because they are animals that glow. By using part of the word Frankenstein, people understand that the fish were made by a scientist and are perhaps a little scary.
dictionary entry: Frankenfish, n.
Genetically engineered fish that glow. (I hope I get a Frankenfish for Christmas!) [new blend; formed from 'Frankenstein'

Fratastic
context and source: "That keg stand was so fratastic." Suitemate Alec Young
composed of: 'fraternity' + 'fantastic'
apparent meaning: something that was splendidly fraternity-like.
type of word formation: blending
reason used: the speaker was almost poking fun at the foolish revelry that would occur in a college fraternity
dictionary entry: Fratastic: adj.
a word that describes something that would be extremely popular and prevalent in a fraternity.

FREESTYLE
context and source: "After the victory, Apex remains on the stage to freestyle some more rap in what has become a kind of victory lap." - "MC Battles." Online at <http://www.nuvo.net/archive/012501/music/012501_music_a.html>. 25 Jan 2001.
composed of: FREE + STYLE
type of word formation: compound
reason used: This word is somewhat borrowed from athletic terminology used to describe competitions (like swimming and skating) in which almost anything goes and judging is based on artistic expression. The same qualities apply to most rap battles, so the jargon was transferred from one social setting to another.
dictionary entry: FREESTYLE, v.
To perform rap music without prepared beats or lyrics, to perform impromptu rap; to engage in a rap competition in the above manner. [also used as n., adj.]

fro-yo
context and source: Cosmopolitan used this term instead of frozen yogurt.
apparent meaning: the abbreviation of frozen yogurt, the typical alternative to ice cream.
type of word formation: clipping, slang
reason used: Cosmo was referring to frozen yogurt as a hip, metropolitan thing to consume, and the abbreviation made the term fit the imposed classification better.
dictionary entry: fro-yo - n. - abbrev. for frozen yogurt, slang term for low calorie dessert item that is most like ice cream. The best place to get fro-yo in Atlanta is TCBY.

Funtastic
adj. being fun and fastastic. Blending of the words "fun" and "fantastic". Context and source: "The funtastic magic ball is made of '." (In an advertisement of a toy product)
G
Gank
context and source: 'Stop ganking the weights from the Sid fitness room.' (Sid Council Minutes, Week of November 3rd, 2003)
apparent meaning:Used in the same context as stealing, or taking. The action of taking something which does not belong to you.
type of word formation: Compound (yank & grab)
dictionary entry:Gank v. To take and carry away the property of another without authorization. ('do not gank the silverware') [Blend compound formed from the words grab and yank]

gank
context and source:'I accidentally my CD case at the party, and somebody ganked them.' ' heard something to this effect from my friends this summer. I also use this word commonly.
apparent meaning:to take or steal something
type of word formation:slang
dictionary entry:gank ' v. To take or steal something that does not belong to you. ('A nice pair of sunglasses had been left behind, so I ganked them.') [slang; possibly formed from a combination of gang and yank]

GANK
context and source:'Please don't gank my stuff, just give me credit.' Website; 8/30/03.
apparent meaning:This word means to steal with a connotation of malicious intent. It can also mean, in video games, to gang up on and kill an opponent. This meaning lends itself to the idea that the word is a combination of gang and kill. The former meaning leans more toward the word being a combination of grab and yank. Both of these may have happened at the same time to make the same word.This word may have been coined as a way to describe stealing in a more hip way, or as a way to talk about stealing things without alerting authority figures. The same goes for the 'killing' definition, as the term could be used in front of a more conservative audience with impunity.
type of word formation:blend of either gang and kill, or grab and yank
dictionary entry:gank [blend gang + kill OR grab + yank] Verb. 1. To steal someone's property with malicious intent. 2. To gang up on and kill someone's character in a video game.

getcheroxoff
context and source:'Well if that's how you getcheroxoff, well ok.' (conversation in my room, week of 12/1, 2003)
apparent meaning:getting one's way, getting kicks or enjoyment out of something
type of word formation:blend
dictionary entry:getcheroxoff, v. to get one's way; to get enjoyment or 'kicks' by doing a certain action ('I don't like how you getcheroxoff') [blend; arising from 'get' X 'your' X 'rox' (rocks in l33t lingo) X off']

Gig'em
context and source:'gig'em Aggies'. Heard at a football game from fans in the bleachers (Fall, 2003).
apparent meaning:An encouraging cheer for Texas A&M 'aggies', or athletes. 'Gig' is used as a shorter form of the phrase 'go get' and 'em' probably refers to 'them', the opponents. The 'i' most likely functions as a filler to aid in pronunciation; 'gg' is difficult to say.
type of word formation:Compound
dictionary entry:gig'em, v. To go and get [someone].

GINORMOUS
context and source:'I have four ginormous loads of laundry to do!' ' Conversation in Hanszen College, 25 Nov 2003.
apparent meaning:Massive, huge, or large, in either a physical or metaphorical sense.
type of word formation:blend
dictionary entry:GINORMOUS, adj. Massive, huge, or large, in either a physical or metaphorical sense. Composed of: GI [GIGANTIC] + NORMOUS [ENORMOUS]

Ginormous
context and source:'Have you seen these toilets' They're ginormous'' Will Ferrell, Elf, (I saw it on November 7, 2003).
apparent meaning:Used to describe an extremely large object
type of word formation:blend
dictionary entry:Ginormous: adj. Describing a large and out of proportion object.

Ginormous
context and source:'That book bag is ginormous' Cousin opening birthday presents Nov 30, 2003
apparent meaning:extremely large
type of word formation:giant and enormous blended together
dictionary entry:Ginormous, adj. very large; larger than expected [new blend; formed from 'giant' + 'enormous']

Ginormous
context and source:Someone was surprised at the ginormous birthday cake he got (Nov. 20, 2003)
apparent meaning:very very large
type of word formation:blend
dictionary entry:Ginormous, adj. Very very large (That mountain is ginormous!) [new blend, formed from 'gigantic' + 'enormous']

Giraffiti
context and source:: 'There's a ton of giraffiti on the side of that building.' (Overheard in street conversation, September 27th, 2003)
apparent meaning:: Used to describe graffiti that is located higher than normal.
type of word formation:: Blend (giraffe & graffiti)
dictionary entry:Giraffiti n. A drawing or inscription made on a wall or other surface (graffiti) located in a high location or altitude. [Blend compound formed from the words giraffe and graffiti]

Giraffiti
context and source:[none given]
apparent meaning:The characteristic great height of a giraffe is taken here.
type of word formation:blending
dictionary entry:Giraffiti, n. graffiti that is drawn on a high position.

Gleek
context and source:'Ewww' did you seem him gleek'' elementary school child Aug 2003
apparent meaning:the action of expelling saliva directly from the gland underneath the tongue out of the mouth.
type of word formation:unknown; perhaps playground slang
dictionary entry:Gleek, v. the action of expelling saliva directly from the gland underneath the tongue out of the mouth [origin unknown]

GLOMP
context and source:'When my sister met me at the airport, she glomped me.' Conversation; 10/4/03.
apparent meaning:When someone 'glomps' another person that they like, it is almost like an attack hug. A glomp is often predatory and lies somewhere between a caring embrace and a flying leap to tackle someone. This word is often used when discussing Japanese animation, as this type of hug is commonplace in anime. The term is also used online in text form as just a different word for hug. This term was probably coined to describe a more enthusiastic form of hugging someone.
type of word formation:: blend of glom'grab hold of' and '-omp,' which is sound symbolic of a rapid enclosing action as in 'chomp'
dictionary entry:glomp [blend glom + -omp] Verb. To hug a loved one enthusiastically, to the point of tackling them. Noun. Such a hug.

GOOGLE
context and source:'According to my googling, the caber is about 17 feet long and weighs around 150 pounds.' ' 'Gather Round.' Online at < http://www.shauny.org/pussycat >. 14 Sep 2003.
apparent meaning:Some people apply this word only to the use of the web-search service from which it derives, www.google.com, but some use it to describe any Internet search. Google became popular for its speed, relevance, and relative lack of corporate pervasion, and so its name became synonymous with the act of searching the Internet.
type of word formation:generic usage
dictionary entry:GOOGLE, v. To search the Internet for information. [verbal noun: GOOGLING] Composed of: GOOGLE

GOOGLE
context and source:'I don't need to look this up in my textbook, I should just google it.' Conversation; 11/10/03.
apparent meaning: This word means to look something up using a search engine on the Internet, especially the search engine Google. It was coined to describe looking something up on the Internet succinctly.
type of word formation:zero derivation, from noun 'Google' to verb 'to google'
dictionary entry: google [from 'Google'] Verb. To look up something on an internet search engine, especially Google itself.

google
context and source:Person 1: 'Do you know a good recipe for punch'' Person 2: 'No, but you could google it and find out''
apparent meaning:To 'google' something means to use the popular online search engine, google.com to find anything on the Internet that you don't have the address for.
type of word formation:zero derivation
dictionary entry:google, v. To use an online search engine as the basis for looking up information on the World Wide Web. [from google.com search engine in the Internet]

google
context and source:'You wanna bet' Let's google it right now,' (TV show, week of 9/29, 2003)
apparent meaning:to look up information quickly using a specific search engine
type of word formation:zero derivation
dictionary entry:google, v. to look up information quickly using the search engine Google' ('spam slows the internet down') [new zero derivation; arising from 'google', formally a company name']

google
context and source:'I was googling on my computer last night but couldn't find what I was looking for, which is rare for Google.' Something to this effect said by my Numerical Methods professor in October 2003
apparent meaning:the act of using the internet search engine google.com to search for information on the web
type of word formation:zero derivation
dictionary entry:google ' v. To perform an internet search using the search engine Google.com. ('To find the right information, just google it') [zero derivation; formed from the name 'Google']

Google
context and source:'Whenever I find something I'm unfamiliar with, I google it.' (Kerry Greer, October 31, 2003)
apparent meaning:To 'google' something seems to mean to look up its meaning, particularly on the internet, on Google or other search engines such as Dogpile or Yahoo.
type of word formation:Brand generalization (coinage)
dictionary entry:Google, v. To use an internet resource to look up or find out information. [formed by changing noun, Google, into a verb.]

Googled
context and source:An advisor admitted he 'googled' his freshmen before O-Week (Sept. 8, 2003).
apparent meaning:Searched for someone/something on www.google.com
type of word formation:derivation
dictionary entry:Googled, v. To search on the Internet (I'll google the hotel before we go.) [derivation, formed from 'Google' + 'ed']

Governator
context and source:Seen as the headline on several newspapers and on news websites the day that moviestar Arnold Schwarzenegger was elected governor of California.
apparent meaning:Quippy nickname for the new governor of California, Arnold Schwarzenegger
type of word formation:blending and clipping
dictionary entry:Governator ' n. nickname for the present governor of California, Arnold Schwarzenegger. ('The Governator was sworn in today in front of a large crowd of cheering Californians.') [blending and clipping; formed from 'governor' + 'terminator']

Governator
context and source:'Here's a look at how al-Gaiyar and the Governator matched up over the years.' (Time 29 Oct 2003)
apparent meaning:Arnold Schwarzenegger, esp. after he was elected governor of California
type of word formation:blend of 'governor' + 'Terminator'
dictionary entry:Governator, n. Arnold Schwarzenegger, esp. after being elected governor of California ('the Governator won the election') [blend of 'governor' + 'Terminator']

Governator
context and source:'Yeah, he's interviewing the governator tonight.' (Overheard in a conversation while in the elevator, October 9th, 2003)
apparent meaning:Refers to Arnold Schwarzenegger, the new governor of California.
type of word formation:Blend (governor & terminator)
dictionary entry:Governator n. The current governor of California, Arnold Schwarzenegger. [Blend compound formed from the words governor and terminator]

gr8
context and source:'That is a gr8 restaurant..' (IM conversation, 9/1/03)
apparent meaning:great
type of word formation:clipping
dictionary entry:gr8, adv., noun, adj. Great ('the weather today is gr8') [contraction of the ''eat' in 'great to '8', due to similar pronunciation]

Gravy
context and source: 'It's all gravy.' used in conversation with roommate ' 9/17/03
apparent meaning:good
type of word formation:c. word seems to meld 'great' + 'groovy' to make 'gravy.'
dictionary entry:Gravy ' good

GRINGOSITY
context and source:'The gringosity of the conspicuous white tourist was obnoxious.' Conversation; 10/29/03.
apparent meaning:This word expresses the quality of being a gringo, as in a white American person. It was coined to describe the quality, not just the person, as the sole word gringo does.
type of word formation:compound of gringo and -sity
dictionary entry:gringosity [gringo + -sity 'having the quality of'] Noun. The quality of being a gringo.

Groto
context and source:'My brother's bathroom is always so groto, even after mom cleans it,' (Gabby Chevez, November 26, 2003).
apparent meaning:Disgusting and dirty
type of word formation:coinage
dictionary entry:[none given]

GRUBBIFIABLE
context and source:'Wear grubbifiable clothes and tough shoes.' ' Hanszen Happy Funpage, Sec. 3, 1 Oct 2003.
apparent meaning:There isn't any single common-usage word that captures the sense of 'going to get dirty,' so suffixation made it happen. The sense of the word changes dramatically as it goes from the adjective GRUBBY to the verb GRUBBIFY and then back to an adjective, GRUBBIFIABLE.
type of word formation:blend
dictionary entry:GRUBBIFIABLE, adj. Intended for becoming soiled as a result of labor. Composed of: GRUBBI [GRUBBY] + -FI [-FY] + -ABLE

Gut
context and source:'When student call a course a 'gut,' often what they mean is that the exams haven't changed in a decade, that all the fraternities have them on file and that they're to be had for the asking.' (New York Times Online 9 Sep 2003)
apparent meaning:course in which cheating is especially easy Composed of: 'gut' (a narrow passage)
type of word formation:metaphorical extension ('gut' referring to a body part to 'gut' referring to a class in which passing is as straightforward as passing through the body part)
dictionary entry:Gut, n. academic course in which cheating (and passing) is especially easy ('that class is a gut') [metaphorical extension of 'gut']

guyish
context and source:'That pen's not a very guyish pen. It's more girly-looking.' Conversation overheard during class, 10 Oct 2003.
apparent meaning:having the characteristics of masculinity
type of word formation:affixation
dictionary entry:guyish ' adj. Being associated with masculinity or manliness. (a very guyish pen) [new derivation; formed from 'guy' + '-ish']

Gyp
context and source:'We got completely gypped this time.' (Nabiha Parvez, October 8th, 2003)
apparent meaning:A ripoff; something that is not worth what you're giving for it. To get 'ripped off.'
type of word formation:Clipping (Gypsy)
dictionary entry:Gyp v. To pull a scam or deprive of something by deception or fraud. [Clipping of the word Gypsy]

gzilcher
context and source:'But perhaps their most significant technological advance is the pioneering of the halftime Gzilcher' (found on MOB online forum in a discussion about school spirit 10/06/03)
apparent meaning:it is device very much like a giant slingshot, which is used to hurl water balloons or other object across a football field or other large distance.
type of word formation:creative new word
dictionary entry:gzilcher n. giant sling shot used to hurl objects long distances ('the halftime Gzilcher') [new word composition]

H
hacker
context and source:'You are such a hacker.' (A friend talking to my roommate, week of 9/8, 2003)
apparent meaning:a person who is technologically savvy with computers and computer code; one who learns how to stretch the limits of programmable systems, sometimes maliciously
type of word formation:zero derivation
dictionary entry:hacker, n. a technically savvy person that stretches the limits of computers and spends a lot of time trying to manipulate computer code ('the hackers broke my computer') [new zero derivation; arising from 'hack' + 'er']

halfie
context and source:· 'I, like six other advisors at Hanszen, am a halfie.' Declaration by E. M., 8-17-03.
apparent meaning:a person with parents of differing races or ethnicities
type of word formation:derivation
dictionary entry: halfie, n. An individual who is half one ethnicity or race and half another. ('The self-designated halfie was proud of his Asian and Caucasian roots.') [new derivation; formed from 'half' + 'ie']

Halo-style
context and source:'If he ever crashed my computer, I'd go off on him Halo-style.'
apparent meaning:using excessive force or violence to inflict damage or harm
type of word formation:affixation
dictionary entry:Halo-style ' adj. Performed with gratuitous cartoon violence (as seen in the popular videogame) ('The group of boys destroyed the old computer parts Halo-style') [affixation; formed from 'Halo' + 'style']

handleable
context and source:'My palm pilot made medical school handleable.' (in conversation with a friend, 11/12/03)
apparent meaning:manageable, possible to handle
type of word formation:derivation
dictionary entry:Handleable, adj. Describing that which is easy and manageable; won't require great effort or need for help to complete. ('a handleable task') [This derivation formed from very 'handle' and suffix 'able']

hand waving
context and source:'And by a little hand waving, we arrive at the solution.' (CAAM 210 class, week of 11/10, 2003)
apparent meaning:the act of trying to get past a difficult situation or problem by ignoring it
type of word formation:compound
dictionary entry:hand waving, n. the act of getting past a difficult explanation or moment by ignoring it or skipping past it somehow ('and with some hand waving, we say the meaning of life is 42') [compound; arising from 'hand' + 'waving', new usage of older compound']

hazmat
context and source: 'The hazmat team had to cleanup the chemical spill.' (TV news program, CNN, week of 10/20, 2003)
apparent meaning:just a quick and easy way of saying 'hazardous materials'
type of word formation:blend, clipping
dictionary entry:hazmat, n.adj. the team or describing the team that cleans and or disposes of hazardous and dangerous materials like chemicals ('the hazmat team was quick to arrive on the scene') [blend and clipping; arising from 'hazardous' X 'materials']

Head
context and source:'My lab is at five, so I'd better head.' (Phoebe Light, September 19, 2003)
apparent meaning:to head to, go go
type of word formation:zero derivation
dictionary entry:Head v. To depart, to leave in search of a particular destination.

Heat
context and source:'If you walk down Cullen Boulevard after dark, you best be packing heat.' ' Jones College Freshman
apparent meaning:gun
type of word formation:zero derivation
dictionary entry:Heat; N. -a firearm.

hecka
context and source:One of my friends is from the West Coast and says 'hella' a lot. 'Hella' implies crude usage of the word 'hell', and I do not like to curse excessively, so I changed it to hecka.
apparent meaning:very
type of word formation:expletive softening (like darn and shoot)
dictionary entry:hecka - adv. - very, extremely, to a high degree. That bicycle trick was hecka cool!

Heinous
context and source:"That boy over there is such a heinous.'
apparent meaning:Someone or something that is repulsive.
type of word formation:Zero derivation from the adjective form of the word 'heinous.'
dictionary entry:Heinous: (N) Someone or something that is repulsive.

Heinosity
context and source:'The out of season shoes that she was wearing with that out of style skirt was a heinosity.' Or 'I can't believe that nasty guy tried to hit on me at the club; he is such a heinosity.'
apparent meaning:Someone or something that is extremely repulsive or abhorrent.
type of word formation:A blending and clipping of heinous + monstrosity. (heinousmonstrosity)
dictionary entry:Heinosity: (N) Someone or something that is extremely repulsive or abhorrent.

HELLA
context and source:'Art history is hella hard.' Conversation; 9/14/03.
apparent meaning:This word, when placed before an adjective, works as an intensifier just like the word 'extremely' or 'very.' When 'hella' is left on its own to describe something, as in 'That band is hella,' it means 'cool.' This word was created to be a hip intensifier or another way of putting something in a positive light.
type of word formation:compound and clipping, as hella probably began as 'hell of' changed to 'hellof' and then was clipped to 'hella'
dictionary entry:hella [clipped compound hell + a < of] Adverb. Intensifier. Adjective. Having the connotation of 'cool.'

hella
context and source:'Pub pizza is hella good.' Paul Campbell, Martel College Freshman
apparent meaning:very, extremely
type of word formation:maybe a blend of 'hell' + 'yea'
dictionary entry:Hella; adv. - word used to describe a verb or an adjective meaning 'very' or 'extremely'.

hellway
context and source:'Are you gonna haunt the old hellways of SCA'' from an IM conversation, 10-1-03.
apparent meaning:a particularly hellish hallway
type of word formation:blending
dictionary entry:hellway, n. A corridor that invokes fear in an individual ('The ex-convict dreaded treading the prison's all-too-familiar hellways.') [New word by blending; formed from 'hell' x 'hallway']

Herre
context and source: 'It's getting hot in herre.' Lyrics from a song by hip-hop artist Nelly
apparent meaning: Means 'here,' but pronounced 'her.' Seems to be the latest and coolest pronunciation of 'here.'
type of word formation:Means 'here,' but pronounced 'her.'
dictionary entry: Herre - here

hinglish
context and source:'People in India speak more Hinglish than either Hindi or English' (Conversation, 9/20/03)
apparent meaning:a combination of Hindi and English
type of word formation:blending
dictionary entry:hinglish, n. A combination, or blend, of Hindi and English reslting in a language containing words from both Hindi and English (' hinglish is popular') [blending: 'hindi' + 'english' -> hinglish]

Holla
context and source: 'He tried to holla at that girl.' Conversation ' 11/02/03
apparent meaning:Probably rooted from cheese, as in 'Say cheese!' while taking pictures, to make people having the appearance of smiling.
type of word formation:Holla is the 'hip' way of saying 'holler.'
dictionary entry:Holla ' act of trying to talk to a girl or to get her phone number. Holla is the 'hip' way of saying 'holler.'

Holla
context and source:'Going out to dinner, so holla!' (Jessica Bofshever, November 3rd, 2003)
apparent meaning:To call someone up or get in touch, to return a call, respond via e-mail, etc.
type of word formation:clipping
dictionary entry:Holla v. To talk to someone or telling somebody to 'hit you up later' (get in touch) [Clipping of the word holler]

Hong Kongese
context and source:'So most of my friends were Hong Kongese.' (In a conversation with a friend on 12/1/2003)
apparent meaning:a native or resident of Hong Kong
type of word formation:affixation
dictionary entry:Hong Kongese, n. a native or resident of Hong Kong.

heroness
context and source:'I can see you've done many great deeds and your heroness is awakening.' (overheard from a TV program conversation, week of 10/6, 2003)
apparent meaning:very similar to heroism, courageous qualities, conduct, or behavior
type of word formation:derivation
dictionary entry:heroness, n. courageous qualities, conduct, or behavior, with a slightly corny or campy connotation ('super-great heroness') [new derivation; formed from 'hero' + '-ness']

Hook'em
context and source:'hook'em horns'. Heard on a television broadcast of college football (9/15/2003).
apparent meaning:An encouraging cheer for the University of Texas 'longhorns', or athletes. 'Hook' invokes the idea of catching or beating an adversary and 'em' probably refers to 'them', the opponents. There is a reference to the school's mascot, a cow, whose horns are curved and sharp like a hook.
type of word formation:Compound
dictionary entry:hook'em, v. To catch or take down an opponent.

hookup chart
context and source:Several residential colleges often make hookup charts to show which college members have dated, made out with, or randomly slept with each other.
apparent meaning:chart that details the relationships between college members
type of word formation:compounding
dictionary entry:hookup chart - n. - diagram detailing the personal relationships within a residential college at Rice University. Shannon is so gross - she's the center of a huge circle on the hookup chart.

Hops
context and source:'That guy has some major hops.' b. Conversation at the gym ' 11/06/03
apparent meaning:ability to jump high
type of word formation: [none given]
dictionary entry:Hops ' ability to jump high.

Hot spot
context and source:'Visit mcdwireless.com to find a McDonald's hot spot near you.' (advertisement in Time 29 Oct 2003)
apparent meaning:location with wireless internet access available Composed of: 'hot' (popular; very good; radioactive) + 'spot' (location in space)
type of word formation:rhyming compound of 'hot' + 'spot'
dictionary entry:Hot spot, n. location with wireless internet access available ('where's the closest hot spot'') [rhyming compound of 'hot' + 'spot']

Hucka hucka
context and source:'Did you hear what happened last night' hucka hucka.' (instant messenger conversation with University of Texas sophomore 8 Sep 2003)
apparent meaning:indication of laughter or amusement
type of word formation:sound symbolism for laughter
dictionary entry:Hucka hucka, interj. indication of laughter or amusement, esp. in instant messenger conversations ('did you hear what happened' hucka hucka') [sound symbolism for laughter]

hungryness
context and source:My roommate was just starving and the peak of her whinage occurred when she stated that she has spent the last two hours in pure hungryness.
apparent meaning:state of being hungry
type of word formation:affixation
dictionary entry:hungryness - n. - state of being hungry beyond hunger, a condition worse than hunger but not as extreme as starvation. The servery really needs to open because I don't know if I can stand any more hungryness.

Hum-dinger
context and source:'That was a hum-dinger of a question' (Student comment in class, 12/2/03)
apparent meaning:Something that is difficult or abstract in content. The lengthy duration of pronouncing 'hum' suggests that it is something that requires a considerable amount of thought.
type of word formation:Compound (V-N)
dictionary entry:hum-dinger, n. Something that is complex and novel to the mind.

hun
context and source:"good luck.' 'thanks you too hun,' IM conversation, 10-19-03
apparent meaning:'honey,' 'sweetie'
type of word formation:clipping
dictionary entry:hun, n. honey, sweetie. ('Talk to you later, hun.') [New word formation by clipping from 'honey.']

Hypotenize
context and source: '"Let's hypotenize across here, I'm in a hurry." -Conversation while walking with friends, about 2 months ago.
Apparent meaning: to take a shortcut, i.e. to traverse a 'hypotenuse' of two paths at right angles.
type of word formation: Word Formation: Analogy to other verbs/Affixation
dictionary entry: Hypotenize, v. To take a shortcut by traversing a path consisting of the longest leg of a right triangle. [new derivation, fr. 'hypo' (under) + 'ten' (stretch) + 'ize' (verb suffix)
I
Ice
context and source:'You can't wear a diamond bellybutton ring until you hear a rap song about ice in the belly.' (Kristen Kock, October 16, 2003).
apparent meaning:Diamonds or other shiny jewelry
type of word formation:zero derivation
dictionary entry:Ice n. A piece of shiny jewelry, sometimes fake, used to be showy.

identity theft
context and source:The new MasterCard commercials advertise advanced security features on their credit cards to protect against identity theft.
apparent meaning:the act of stealing someone's belongings and pretending to be them to enjoy what was stolen.
type of word formation:compounding
dictionary entry:identity theft - n. - crime where a person steal not only someone's belongings, but also their identity when trying to use the stolen property. Sandra Bullock has to deal with a serious case of identity theft in The Net.

I-eat-babies
context and source:'She was wearing I-eat-babies make up.' Martel freshman Nov. 2003
apparent meaning:an excessive amount to the point of being scary
type of word formation:compounding and metaphor
dictionary entry:I-eat-babies adj. Having excesses to the point of invoking fear [compounding: I, eat, and babies]

INTEGRALIZE
context and source:'Just like you derivatize something, you can integralize it as well.' Conversation; 10/29/03.
apparent meaning:Similar to derivatize, integralize simply means to integrate a function. While integrate is not as radical a formation as differentiate, it still follows to use the same verb forming suffix as in derivatize. This term was coined to follow the pattern of forming complex technical terms more easily.
type of word formation:back formation, from integral to integrate back to integralize
dictionary entry:dictionary entry: integralize [integral- +ize V] Verb. To integrate a function.

ILCH
context and source:'The children of the world have no heroic figure to emulate, so the future of mankind continues on its downward spiral into entropy and mass extinction until all that was once great about the human race lies buried in the primordial stew, to which we will most certainly return, thanks to you and your ilch refusal to reach for the stars, and you'll forever be remembered as the sad footnote in the book of life, the wimpy little scumbag who could've breached the chasm of becoming and being but instead opted to cover his own ass - and foot - in the process." ' Kevin Smith, 'The Flying Car'
apparent meaning:This word occurs in the middle of a long rant in which a smart-aleck character is trying to sound very profound, and the more educated words or novel formations he uses, the closer he gets to his goal.
type of word formation: back formation of ZILCH
dictionary entry:ILCH, adj. Total, all-encompassing. Composed of: ILCH

imho
context and source:'Biology is much more interesting than math, imho..' (conversation, 10/02/03)
apparent meaning:In my humble opinion
type of word formation:acronym
dictionary entry:imho Phrase that indicates modesty about one's opinions, acronym for 'in my humble opinion'. ('You shouldn't do it this way, imho') [acronym: in my humble opiinion]

indipop
context and source:'I enjoy listening to indipop..' (conversation, 9/30/03)
apparent meaning:popular Indian music
type of word formation:blending
dictionary entry:indipop, adj., n. Popular Indian music ('Indipop is a new genre of music') [blending: 'indian', ADJ. + 'popular' (also shortened to 'pop') ADJ. -> indipop]

INTERGENDERFICATION
context and source:'Can we get some intergenderfication in our rows, please'' ' Rice Philharmonics music director, 4 Nov 2003.
apparent meaning:Once again, a young adult creates the illusion of erudition by using multiple affixes, this time for the sake of humor as much as practicality.
type of word formation:derivation
dictionary entry:INTERGENDERFICATION, n. Mixing of men and women, specifically arranging them in order to prevent gender segregation. Composed of: INTER- + GENDER + -FY + -CAT [-ATE] + -ION

IRAQIFICATION
context and source:'Everyone seems to be in favor of Iraqification.' ' Newsweek, 10 Nov 2003.
apparent meaning:This word appears much more commonly that what would appear to be its predecessor, IRAQIFY. The act of Iraqifying, however, follows the same linguistic pattern of suffixation that we use with other -IFY verbs and their related acts: FORTIFY and FORTIFICATION, TRANSMOGRIFY and TRANSMOGRIFICATION, etc.
type of word formation:compound
dictionary entry:IRAQIFICATION, n. The process of controlled supervision of government reconstruction based on the formula used in Iraq. Composed of: IRAQ + -IFI [-IFY] + -CAT [-ATE] + -ION

iraqification
context and source:'Iraqification ' a losing strategy' (title of an article on the current war in Iraq on MSNBC, 11/11/03)
apparent meaning:Giving power to the Iraqi people
type of word formation:affixation
dictionary entry:iraqification, n Transfer of power to the people of Iraq ('process of iraqification') [derivation: 'iraq' + -'ify' V. + -'cate' V. + -'ion' N.]

Irsay
context and source:'The Baltimore Orioles had been America's most sensational team in the 19th century, but in the fall of '02 the franchise was Irsayed to New York, becoming the Highlanders (although they would subsequently earn somewhat more renown as the Yankees).' --Sports Illustrated, vol. 99, no. 8, Sept. 1, 2003. p.43.
apparent meaning:: To relocate a sports franchise to another city for monetary gains
type of word formation:metonymy
dictionary entry:Irsay ' v. To relocate a sports franchise from a city for purely monetary reasons, as was done by the late Baltimore Colts owner Bob Irsay (who moved the team to Indianapolis). ('Bud Adams Irsayed the Houston Oilers to Nashville several years ago, where they became the Titans') [metonymy; formed from Irsay, the Baltimore Colts owner's surname]
J
jackie
context and source:"Can I borrow a jackie to walk to the gym'' A. A., 11/21/03
apparent meaning:lightweight hooded zip-up sweatshirt
type of word formation:derivation
dictionary entry:jackie, n. A hooded zip-down sweatshirt suitable for cool fall weather. ('The kids started wearing their jackies to school as the leaves began to turn.') [New derivation from jacket + -ie]

Jesus-time
context and source:'Do you want to go to Jesus-time with me this Sunday'' (A college student inviting a friend to Catholic mass 11/16/03)
apparent meaning:Jesus-time is synonymous with 'mass' or 'church', attended by a large number of Rice students on Sundays at 5pm. Because it is a time when you get in touch with, speak of and think about Jesus, etc, the word is somewhat self-explanatory.
type of word formation:from 'Jesus' and 'time', a form of blending and zero derivation at the same time.
dictionary entry:Jesus-time, n. A catholic mass, the building in which mass is held, or the concept of spending time with Jesus in an institution ('jesus-time made me feel so much better last week') [Blend, formed from 'jesus' and 'time']

JIHADIST
context and source:'U.S. intelligence officials… suggested that Baathist dead-enders had hired foreign jihadists… to drive the suicide vehicles.' – Newsweek, 10 Nov 2003
apparent meaning:Native English speakers do not typically employ an -I suffix to denote 'participant or adherent of,' so the Arabic suffix was regularized to the English -IST.
type of word formation: regularizasion of JIHADI
dictionary entry:JIHADIST, n. A person engaged in or supporting a jihad. [also used as adj.] Composed of: JIHAD + -IST

JIP
context and source:Something to the effect of 'We're going to JIP the President's speech from the Rose Garden' -- Used by Rush Limbaugh on his radio program
apparent meaning:to join an audio broadcast that is in progress
type of word formation:acronym
dictionary entry:JIP – v. to join an audiovisual broadcast already in progress; join in progress. ('On the show, the Pentagon press briefing was JIPped.') [acronym; formed from 'join in progress']

John
context and source:'I'm going to pick up my john paper' (Statement by a friend, 11/24/03)
apparent meaning:Irritating, annoying, or frustrating in nature. A common word 'john' is used to describe something that the speaker does not like. Perhaps the speaker wishes to equate the value of the thing he or she is describing with crap, hence making use of the word 'john' meaning toilet.
type of word formation:derivation
dictionary entry:john, interj. Irritating, annoying, unpleasing

Jones
context and source:'My buddy here has a major jones for Bianca Stratford.' (Ten Things I Hate About You, November 20th, 2003)
apparent meaning:Can be used as a verb (Jonesing) or a noun (a jones). Equiv. "to fancy" "crushing on" "to want."
type of word formation:Metonymy
dictionary entry:Jones n. Describes a state in which one experiences strong desire or attraction, often of a sexual nature. v. To desire or want for oneself. [Metonymic formation from the phrase 'Keeping up with the Jones's']

Joshin'
context and source:'I'm just joshin' with you' (Best friend talking with boyfriend, 11/24/03)
apparent meaning:A verb used to defend or explain a person's intent, such as joking or kidding.
type of word formation:Blend
dictionary entry:joshin', v. To joke with, or fool around with a friend, usu. in coversation
K
Kegoff
context and source:'Do you know when the kegoff starts'' (conversation with Lovett junior 26 Sep 2003)
apparent meaning:contest in which teams compete to see which can finish a keg of beer in the least amount of time
type of word formation:blend of 'keg' and 'run-off'
dictionary entry:Kegoff, n. Contest in which participants compete in teams to see which can finish a keg of beer in the least amount of time ('the seniors won the kegoff') [blend of 'keg' + 'run-off']

Kickin'
context and source:"That party was kickin'; I had such a good time." said by Sid Rich freshman male, November 2003.
apparent meaning:Something that is awesome, enjoyable, or great.
type of word formation:A clipping of the word 'kicking,' by dropping the 'g.' (Kicking --> kickin')
dictionary entry:Kickin': (ADJ) Something that is awesome, enjoyable, or great.

Kicks
context and source:a. 'It's time for me to buy some new kicks.' Conversation at the mall ' 11/12/03
apparent meaning:shoes, especially sneakers, tennis shoes.
type of word formation:[none given]
dictionary entry:Kicks ' shoes, especially sneakers, tennis shoes

Kicks
context and source:'Your new kicks are so much whiter than your old ones'. - Martel Sophomore James Barnes IV
apparent meaning:shoes
type of word formation:zero derivation.
dictionary entry:Kicks; N. -shoes

killage
context and source:: 'So begins the season of deer killage' -- Seen on my friend's, an avid hunter, AIM away message.
apparent meaning:to hunt an animal for sport and/or food
type of word formation:affixation
dictionary entry:killage ' v. the act of hunting and killing an animal for sport and/or food. ('Plenty of deer killage occurred on the hunting trip, with three deer being taken.') [affixation; formed from 'kill' + '-age']

KGB
context and source:'If you want KB talk to George; if you want KGB talk to Budik.' Frat boy Aug 2003
apparent meaning:KB stands for kind bud; KGB could mean kind good bud, but generally means marijuana with a high THC content
type of word formation:abbreviation
dictionary entry:KGB, n. marijuana with high THC content [abbr. kind good bud]
L
LATINLY
context and source:'If you want to find a species wholly new to science and have your name inscribed Latinly in some secular version of an eternal rollbook, then your best bet is to come to the southern Appalachians' and start turning over rocks.' ' Annie Dillard, Pilgrim at Tinker Creek
apparent meaning:The standard -LY adverb suffix is applied here to make a proper adverb, a very uncommon English construction but one that gets the point across simply.
type of word formation:derivation
dictionary entry:LATINLY, adv. In a manner resembling the Latin language. Composed of: LATIN + -LY

laughgasm
context and source:'You can even get a laughgasm from laughing so hard' (a friend after a long bout of laughter 11/30)
apparent meaning:an orgasm incurred from laughing too much, for too long, or too hard.
type of word formation:blend of 'laughter' and 'orgasm'
dictionary entry:Laughgasm, n. An orgasm from laughing [A blend, derived from 'laughter' and 'orgasm']

LeBron-a-thon
context and source:'Just to break things up, allow me to add up the numbers and share my Thirty-One Things I Want To See That Have Little Or Nothing To Do LeBron. Trust us: the LeBron-A-Thon will still be splashed across your TV when we're done' -- from an espn.com article by Mark Stein on October 23, 2003
apparent meaning:the saturating sports media coverage of all things LeBron
type of word formation:blending and clipping
dictionary entry:LeBron-a-thon ' n. the saturating sports media coverage of all things having to do with LeBron James's first season in the NBA. ('The LeBron-a-thon continued tonight with a five-minute segment on the design of his new signature shoe.') [blending and clipping; formed from 'Lebron' + 'marathon']

LEET, also in print: 133+
context and source:'I'm a 133+ hax0r ninj4!' Website; 11/16/03.
apparent meaning:133+ has several meanings. As in the example above, it means elite or above others in ability or stature. Otherwise, 133+ refers to the practice of replacing letters with numbers in a kind of internet jargon, which also has some specialized words, like 'hax0r' for hacker. This kind of writing is used primarily by people who are very computer literate, or who play computer games a lot. 133+ was invented by a webcomic author and its use picked up from there. The term was coined to describe an elite group of internet and computer users.
type of word formation:clipping of elite to 'lite,'which came to be phonetically spelled 'leet' and written in leet, became '133+.'
dictionary entry:leet or 133+ [clipping of elite] Adjective. Elite, especially in computer usage. Noun. The practice of replacing letters with numbersand using some unique terminology with this quality.

light-loafer
context and source: 9-2-03 'My dad thinks that my roommate is a light-loafer.' ' Suitemate Mark Mendenhall
apparent meaning:someone who is rather light or small and therefore his loafers do not carry much weight.
type of word formation:compound
dictionary entry:Light-loafer, N. - a person who is rather effeminate or homosexual.

lin al
context and source:'Do you think I should take lin al next semester'' (conversation with a sophomore enquiring about classes)
apparent meaning:linear algebra
type of word formation:clipping
dictionary entry:lin al, n Denotes linear algebra, a field of mathematics ('lin al is interesting') [clipping: (linear -> lin) + (algebra -> al)]

Linestub
context and source:'Most Ticketmaster locations in the Houston area will be distributing linestubs beginning at 9 a.m., Saturday, Nov. 22.' (Click2Houston.com, 11/20/03)
apparent meaning:one of many sequentially numbered slips of paper given to those standing in a queue in order to determine or preserve the order of service
type of word formation: compound
dictionary entry:linestub, n. One of many sequentially numbered slips of paper given to those standing in a queue in order to determine or preserve the order of service. ('the distribution of linestubs') [new compound; formed from 'line' + 'stub']

LPAPing or lpap-ing
context and source:'Its almost time to go LPAPing.' 'conversation with roommate, early September
apparent meaning:the action of participating in an LPAP class at Rice
type of word formation:analogy
dictionary entry:LPAPing, v/n The act of participation in a Lifetime Physical Activity Program course at Rice University. [new derivation, fr. 'LPAP' + '-ing']

logisticalize
context and source:"That's a nice way to logisticalize your way out of it.' (N-Y L., 10-29-03)
apparent meaning:rationalize
type of word formation:derivation
dictionary entry:logisticalize, v. to rationalize ('She successfully logisticalized herself out of performing CPR on the dying octogenarian by telling herself that, at his age, he couldn't possibly have anything left to live for.') [new word derivation from logistic + al + ize.]

LOL
context and source:'LOL' (Instant messenger, 8/25/00)
apparent meaning:A response to something that is funny or makes you laugh. 'Laugh out loud'.
type of word formation: Acronym
dictionary entry:LOL, n. A state of amusement in response to one's words or actions.

Lonelified
context and source:a. 'Sometimes your house gets lonelified.' Lyrics from song by hip-hop artist Andre 3000, from the group Outcast
apparent meaning:act of being in solitude or lonely
type of word formation:Word combines lonely + -ified
dictionary entry:Lonelified 'act of being in solitude or lonely. Word combines lonely + -ified
M
Maddenating
context and source: 'It is so maddenating that my History final isn't until the 18th.' (Samantha Cheung, November 28, 2003)
apparent meaning: Frustrating
type of word formation: Blend, maddening and infuriating
dictionary entry: Maddenating. ppl. a. Causing frustration and extreme anger. [It is a combination of maddening and infuriating]

Magriffic
context and source: 'The Christmas decorations at the Galleria during this season are magriffic!' (11/30)
apparent meaning: amazing, terrific, fascinating, and awesome. Carries specific connotations and magnificent (referring to sight) and terrific (referring to the emotional aspect of it).
type of word formation: Blend, magnificent and terrific
dictionary entry: Magriffic, adj. Amazing to behold, as well as providing for an exceptional emotional experience. ('a magriffic reception') [Blend, formed from 'magnificent' and 'terrific']

Make Groceries
context and source: "I'm going to make groceries" (Saying of a New Orleans native, Fall, 2002)
apparent meaning: Making groceries seems to mean collecting and purchasing of food products. There is probably a strong regional influence of the phrase that initially sounds funny to people from a different place. 'Making' could possibly mean 'having', as in 'making love' being equivalent to 'having sex'. 'Having' is the outcome of the act of going to the grocery.
type of word formation: Derivation
dictionary entry: Make groceries, v. To obtain and purchase products from a grocery store.

Manscape
context and source: Cable TV program 'Queer Eye for the Straight Guy'. 2003. Ex: ''Today we will discuss the art of manscaping''
apparent meaning: Artful shaving and trimming of a man's body hair
type of word formation: Blend, man and landscape
dictionary entry: Manscape, v. To artfully shave and trim a man's body hair. [man + landscape]

Martha Stewart
context and source: 'Don't freaking Martha-Stewart me!' (Actress in Sugar & Spice, November 16th, 2003)
apparent meaning: Organize and help clean up an area such as a room or an apartment. to fix it up.
type of word formation: Eponymy
dictionary entry: Martha Stewart v. To perform domestic chores such as cleaning or organizing a house or room in order to improve the aesthetic appearance (of room) and the quality of life (of owner). [Eponymous derivation from celebrity Martha Stewart]

Matterful
context and source: Rolling Stone magazine 11/13/03. Julian Casablancas of the NY band, The Strokes: 'I'd like to just get to a point where maybe we [the band] can say something that will be matterful. That's definitely not a word, by the way.'
apparent meaning: 'important', 'significant'
type of word formation: I think it is a cross between a compound and a blend. 'Matter' meaning 'stuff', or in its verb form 'to be important, have significance' + -ful meaning 'full of'.

Mayhaps
context and source: Friend's response to a question on AOL Instant Messenger (Oct 29, 2003)
apparent meaning: something that is questionable
type of word formation: Blend, maybe and perhaps
dictionary entry: Mayhaps, adv. Maybe, perhaps (Mayhaps I'll be there.) [new blend; formed from 'maybe' + 'perhaps']

McJob
context and source: 'I don't want another McJob!' (in conversation with a friend, 11/11/03)
apparent meaning: A low-paying, temporary job that doesn't offer any future. Those with McJobs are possibly seeking other employment, since their position is also not the most prestigious. Low paying and dead-end service industry work
type of word formation: Blend, McDonald's and job, and analogy
dictionary entry: McJob, n. A job that is low-paying, temporary and offers no incentives or benefits. ('I'm tired of this mcjob') [An analogy blend formed from 'McDonald' and 'job']

McMansion
context and source: 'The houses just to the north of campuses are mostly McMansions' Brown RA Nov. 2003
apparent meaning: An average uninspiring large house. Putting Mc in front of mansion gives the impression that they are mass-produced in the exact same way i.e. every McMansion looks like the next McMansion.
type of word formation: Blend, McDonald's and mansion
dictionary entry: McMansion, n. a mansion that is similar to most other mansions.

Mecha
context and source: 'The mecha in the new Matrix movie were so awesome!' Conversation; 11/22/03.
apparent meaning: Mecha is a term that describes a range of fantastical machines, especially in Japanese animation. These machines, especially mobile suits, are giant robots built as weapons and are designed to be piloted by one person. Mecha is both the singular and the plural form of the word. The word was coined to describe this kind of robot.
type of word formation: Clipping of mechanical
dictionary entry: Mecha n. 1. A humanoid shaped robot used as a weapon and piloted by one person. 2. Any number of the aforementioned robots, as this is also the plural form. [clipping of mechanical]

Meetsheet
context and source: "Hold on let me get the meetsheet, so we can look her up." said by Brown College freshman. Heard Sept. 2003
apparent meaning: A book with the names and pictures of the freshman class at Rice University
type of word formation: Compounding
dictionary entry: Meetsheet n. a book with the names and pictures of the freshman class at Rice University [compound: meet the gain acquaintance +sheet paper]

Megafauna
context and source: 'So what we can say is this: finding mountain ranges isn't terribly hard. But making pictures of extraterrestrial megafauna is.' (SPACE.com, 11/21/03)
apparent meaning: Large or relatively large animals, especially those of a specific region or period
type of word formation: Compound
dictionary entry: megafauna, n. Large or relatively large animals, especially those of a specific region or period. ('the megafauna of the Serengeti') [new compound; formed from 'mega' + 'fauna']

Mejorest
context and source: 'Thanks for helping me, you're the mejorest.' -friend, after I helped her with an assignment
apparent meaning: Another way of saying 'best.'
type of word formation: Borrowing/Analogy
dictionary entry: Mejorest, adj. Informal term for 'best,' from Spanish 'mejor' (better).

Melancholic
context and source: 'as played by Viggo Mortenson with an understated melancholic potency' Delta Sky magazine winter edition
apparent meaning: Being in a somber serious state invokes blend with alcoholic, or at least the 'holic semi-morpheme meaning an addiction.
type of word formation: Melancholy and given the adjectival affix -ic
dictionary entry: Melancholic, adj. Being in a somber serious state [melancholy + -ic adj. Suffix OR blended word: melancholy + alcoholic]

Merkin
context and source: 'We should merkin that girl' Baker male freshman Oct 2003
apparent meaning: The noun 'merkin' means a female pubic wig, so it seems as if the zero derivation would mean to place the pubic wig on the direct object.
type of word formation: Zero derivation
dictionary entry: Merkin, tr. v. to place a pubic wig on to [zero derivation, merkin, Middle English, Malkin diminutive of Matilda]

Metrosexual
context and source: 'My friend isn't gay, but he is kind of metrosexual.' Conversation; 11/4/03.
apparent meaning: Metrosexual is used to describe heterosexual males who spend a lot of time grooming themselves, which is stereotypically a trait of gay males. This also extends to a knowledge of fashion. Basically, a metrosexual guy is exactly like a gay guy, but he is straight. The term was coined to make just this distinction.
type of word formation: Blend, metro and homosexual
dictionary entry: : Metrosexual [blend metropolitan + sexual] Adjective. Describing a heterosexual man who displays the stereotypical traits (fashion sense, well-groomed appearance, etc.) of a gay man.

Mexican't
context and source: 'Are you a Mexican or Mexican't'' (Johnny Depp in the film Once Upon a Time in Mexico)
apparent meaning: A Mexican who does not dare or is not able to do anything.
type of word formation: Blend, Mexican and can't

Michael Jackson
context and source: Joking around with Sid freshmen 11/03. 'You better watch out or I'll Michael Jackson you.'
apparent meaning: To Michael Jackson somebody is to touch or fondle somebody inappropriately in a joking, non-threatening manner.
type of word formation: Zero Derivation
dictionary entry: Michael Jackson, v. To touch or fondle somebody inappropriately in a joking, non-threatening manner. [Michael Jackson, singer, b. 1958]

Midlatitude
context and source: 'Depending on the storm's magnetic orientation, it could set off a dramatic display of colorful northern lights well into midlatitudes of the United States and Europe.' (MSNBC.com, 10/28/03)
apparent meaning: A region of the earth approximately halfway between the equator and one of the two poles
type of word formation: Compound
dictionary entry: Midlatitude, n. A region of the earth approximately halfway between the equator and one of the two poles. ('the midlatitudes of North America and Europe') [new compound; formed from 'mid-' + 'latitude']

MOBcestious
context and source: Overheard in a conversation in which someone was saying that members of the MOB tend to do everything together (early Sept. 2003)
apparent meaning: Someone who spends all of their time with other MOBsters
type of word formation: Blend, MOB and incestuous
dictionary entry: MOBcestious, adj. Spending one's time solely with other MOBsters (Since she joined the MOB, she's become so MOBcestious.) [new blend, formed from 'MOB' + 'incestuous']

Mondo
context and source: Looking toward the last week of classes, a friend said she was going to have a mondo bad week (Nov. 30, 2003)
apparent meaning: Very large
type of word formation: Unknown
dictionary entry: Mondo, adj. Very large (They got me a mondo cake for my birthday.) [Unknown]

Moonscape
context and source: 'Moonscape, on Earth.' (SPACE.com, 11/21/03)
apparent meaning: A view of or resembling the surface of moon, characterized by rockiness and barrenness
type of word formation: Compound
dictionary entry: moonscape, n. A view of or resembling the surface of the moon, characterized by rockiness and barrenness. ('the moonscapes of certain regions of Idaho') [new compound; formed from 'moon' + 'scape']

Mosh
context and source: 'Since I was sick, I didn't think it would be a great idea to be stuck in a place where everyone would be moshing.' (KR, November 15th, 2003)
apparent meaning: An activity that involves hitting into people either by jumping into them, usually occurring at a rock concert.
type of word formation: Blend , mash and squash (pronunciation, not letters)
dictionary entry: Mosh v. To repeatedly jump or bounce in many different directions, usually in an excited state. [Blend compound formed from the words mash and squash]

Muchly
context and source: 'Thank you muchly.' (conversation with suitemate 10/20/03)
apparent meaning: : A great amount of the something. In this case a great amount of thanks. Used instead of very much.
type of word formation: Derivation
dictionary entry: Muchly adv. a large amount ('thank you muchly') [new derivation; formed from 'much' + 'ly']

Mug Down
context and source: 'He was inappropriate enough to send her a message saying 'Do you wanna come mug down with me' (s story of a girl being hit on by a guy 11/26)
apparent meaning: To mug down means to 'make out' with someone. It is a more vulgar and base way of implying the act of persistent kissing, to some sense debasing it and giving it definitely sexual and animalistic connotations.
type of word formation: Folk etymology
dictionary entry: Mug down, v. To engage in the act of prolonged kissing, to make out ('let's mug down') [folk etymology of yet unknown origin]

Mushrooming
context and source: Nov. 24, 2003 Time Magazine article stated: 'PC Doctor, his diagnostic software company based in Emeryville, Calif., was mushrooming with clients like IBM, Hewlett-Packard and Intel.'
apparent meaning: Spreading out
type of word formation: Derivation
dictionary entry: Mushrooming, v Spreading over an area (Her clout within the team was mushrooming.) [derivation, formed from 'mushroom' + '-ing']

N [Top]
Naderite
context and source: 'The other candidate for mayor in San Francisco is a Naderite' ? as seen on rushlimbaugh.com on December 2, 2003
apparent meaning: A person who has followed Ralph Nader and joined the Green Party
type of word formation: Affixation
dictionary entry: Naderite ? n. a member of the Green Party ('Naderites were blamed for taking some votes away from Al Gore in the 2000 presidential election.') [affixation; formed from 'Nader' + '-ite']

Neocon
context and source: Word to describe someone's political leanings in the Sept. 9, 2003 New York Times
apparent meaning: A modern type of conservative
type of word formation: Clipping of conservative
dictionary entry: Neocon, n. A person with modern, conservative views (I vote against all neocons.) [clipping, formed from 'neo' + 'conservative']

N.C.
context and source: 'Getting an F on this assignment would be so n.c.' Conversation; 11/10/03
apparent meaning: This term stands for 'not cool' and was coined to shorten this phrase.
type of word formation: Acronym
dictionary entry: N.c. adj. Not cool. [acronym of 'not cool']


Negatize
context and source: 'And then you just negatize those two.' Statement by J. G., overheard in a conversation between suitemates on 10-30-03.
apparent meaning: TO switch a number's sign
type of word formation: Derivation
dictionary entry: Negatize, n. To make a positive number negative. ('When the sign on her answer for calculus homework came out wrong, she tended to just negatize where necessary without further ado.') [new derivation, formed from 'negate' (possibly + '-ive') + '-ize']


Nerdoid
context and source: "This little nerdoid has some studying to do......' B. F.'s AIM away message, 11-1-03.
apparent meaning: A nerdy person
type of word formation: Derivation
dictionary entry: Nerdoid, n. nerd ('This little nerdoid has some studying to do.') [New derivation formed from 'nerd' + '-oid']


Neomaxizoomdweebie
context and source: "That place is filled with neomaxizoomdweebies." High school student Jun 2003.
apparent meaning: Someone who is smart hard working and generally tries hard to be a good person. It also appears to be somewhat derogatory.
type of word formation: Affixation, Blend, Unknown
dictionary entry: Neomaxizoomdweebie n. derogatory term for intelligent hard working people [affixation neo new + maxi maximum +zoom to move about rapidly + dweeb a smart person who is not in the popular crowd + ie a filler originally from The Breakfast Club.]


Netmeet
context and source: 'I was about to netmeet my family.' (In a conversation with my friend on 9/23/2003)
apparent meaning: An internet meeting
type of word formation: Compound
dictionary entry: Netmeet, v. to meet somebody through the internet


Newb
context and source: 'A lot of these newbs are becoming n00bs, claiming they read all the rules when they violate many of them in nearly every post of theirs.' (read on online forum 11/26/03)
apparent meaning: In this context, a newb is someone new to the forum. It has a positive connotation.
type of word formation: Clipping of newbie
dictionary entry: Newb n. a newcomer, particularly to an online forum ('newbs are becoming n00bs') [new clipping; formed from 'newbie']


Newbie
context and source: 'I hate newbies who try to ruin the game.' (conversation with suitemate, week of 11/24, 2003)
apparent meaning: A person who is new to a video game usually, who doesn't know how to act properly
type of word formation: Zero Derivation
dictionary entry: Newbie, n. a person new to a technological genre, often acting in a childish manner ('the newbies are playing unfairly') [new zero derivation; arising from 'new' + 'bie']


Newton
context and source: "Newton the complex number until it is less than the tolerance" Computational and applied MATH 221 professor Sept 2003
apparent meaning: To take a Newton iteration step
type of word formation: Clipping
dictionary entry: Newton v. to take iterations of Newton's method [zero derived: Newton from clipping: Newton iteration]


Nine-Eleven
context and source: 'Just as everyone remembers where they were when Kennedy was assassinated, now everyone recalls the same for nine-eleven.' Television program; 11/21/03.
apparent meaning: This term refers to the events of September 11, 2001. Because the World Trade Center had been bombed before, the happenings on that date could not be called the 'World Trade Center bombing.' Therefore, the events were referred to by their date, 'September 11th.' This was further clipped to nine-eleven, the spoken form of 9/11 in print. This term was coined to name the tragedy which occurred on September 11th.
type of word formation: Compound of September and eleventh, acronymical representation of September using nine, clipping of eleventh to eleven
dictionary entry: Nine-eleven (alternate spelling 9/11) [compound nine + eleven] Noun. The events of September 11, 2001.

Ninja Skills
context and source: 'Man that acrobat has crazy ninja skills.' (conversation with roommate, week of 11/17, 2003)
apparent meaning: High-level skills that are almost super-natural, not necessarily in fighting
type of word formation: Compound
dictionary entry: Ninja skills, n. high-level skills that border on super-natural yet that don't necessarily pertain to fighting or ninjas ('My roommate has ninja skills when it comes to the computer') [new compund; arising from 'ninja' + 'skills']

Niveau
context and source: 'Disturbing questions? about the aesthetic niveau of the culture industry's emissions are repressed?' ? Theodor W. Adorno, 'The Culture Industry Reconsidered.'
apparent meaning: Quality, Status
type of word formation: Borrowing, from French or German niveau 'level'

N.O.D.
context and source: "Hey, you goin to NOD or what?" (conversation with suitemate, 10/25/03)
apparent meaning: Refers to a party held at Rice University
type of word formation: Acronym
dictionary entry: N.O.D., n. the name of a party held annually in Weiss College, Rice University. This new meaning of the word is formed by acronyms 'Night Of Decadence)

n00b
context and source: 'Alot of these newbs are becoming n00bs, claiming they read all the rules when they violate many of them in nearly every post of theirs.' (read on online forum 11/26/03)
apparent meaning: A newcomer who is annoying and gets on people's nerves. Someone who is not liked.
type of word formation: Clipping and Orthography Change
dictionary entry: n00b n. an annoying newcomer to a forum that disobeys rules ('newbs are becoming n00bs') [new clipping; formed from 'newbie']

Nut Up
context and source: : 'C'mon, nut up and go ask them for the next game!' (at lunch a friend telling me to be brave and go claim the ping-pong table next 10/10/03)
apparent meaning: To have courage, be brave
type of word formation: Blend, 'Grow some nuts' and 'Buck Up'
dictionary entry: Nut up, v. To be courageous and brave, to venture towards new and scary realms ('nut up already, it's game time') [A blend of 'grow some nuts' and 'buck up]

O
Ofer
context and source: Heard frequently in a sporting context, as I heard on Baseball Tonight this summer. 'Ending his 30-game hitting streak, Albert Puhols went ofer on the day, with two strikeouts, a groundout and a popout.'
apparent meaning: To not be successful in a series of attempts at a task
type of word formation: Blending and clipping
dictionary entry: Ofer – v. to come up empty or be completely unsuccessful in a series of attempts at a task. ('The lowly Washington Generals were ofer against the Harlem Globetrotters for many years until finally winning a game recently.') [blending and clipping; formed from 'zero' + 'for']

One-downmanship
context and source: 'White Sox fans have suffered longer than Red Sox fans without winning a world series. But Red Sox fans -- who think of themselves aggrandizingly as a Nation, not a family -- have suffered more grotesquely. This is a critical distinction in their game of one-downsmanship.' Sports Illustrated article on p. 54 of October 27, 2003 issue.
apparent meaning: To try to outdo someone else in a negative way
type of word formation: New derivation
dictionary entry: One-downsmanship – n. the practice of out-doing another in a more negative manner or performing less well than another. ('the two underperforming students seemed to be having a competition of one-downsmanship') [new derivation; formed from 'one' + 'down' + 'man' + 'ship']

Onside
context and source: 'They shouldn't onside it now, they should wait until they score again.' -overheard at Rice football game, 11/15
apparent meaning: A verb used in football that means to kick the ball off in such a way that the kicker's team may recover the ball.
type of word formation: Zero Derivation
dictionary entry: Onside, v. In football, to kick the ball only a short distance on a kickoff in order to allow the kicking team an opportunity to recover the ball (to onside kick).

Orgasmatron
context and source: : 'The married woman who tested the machine, dubbed an orgasmatron, had not had an orgasm for four years. But during the nine days she used it, she had several.' (http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/custom/fringe/chi-0312030386dec03,0,4804792.story?coll=sfla-news-fringe 12/03/03)
apparent meaning: From the context of the article, an orgasmatron is the newly developed medical electronic device that gives instantaneous orgasms upon insertion of electrons under one's spine and under the skin.
type of word formation: Blend, orgasm and cyclotron
dictionary entry: Orgasmatron, n. An electronic machine that gives real orgasms through electrodes stimulating specific nerves in the spine and subcutaneously [A blend, formed from 'orgasm' and the suffix '-tron', implying a machine]

Out-enthusiasmed
context and source: 'We were simply out enthusiasmed.' (Sports radio 610 AM, 10/11/03)
apparent meaning: Indication of a loss or poor performance. The new word has taken the noun 'enthusiasm' and added '-ed' to form a verb
type of word formation: Derivation
dictionary entry: Out-enthusiasmed, v. Losing due to an inferior display of passion, spirit, and drive to win a competition.

Overcooked
context and source: 'At times, in fact, you feel like you're watching cookie-cutter action sequences with overcooked buddy-movie dialogue.' (Click2Houston.com, 11/05/03)
apparent meaning: Overused, corny, cliché
type of word formation: Compound
dictionary entry: Overcooked, adj. Overused, corny, cliché. ('the overcooked excuses of an indolent student')

O-Week
context and source: 'Get ready for O-week 2003' Letter from Brown Master to freshman July 2003
apparent meaning: Rice University orientation week
type of word formation: Clipping
dictionary entry: O-week n. freshman orientation week at Rice University [clipping: orientation week]

Own
context and source: "Oh I totally owned you!!' (Suitemate's victory yell, week of 11/3, 2003)
apparent meaning: To completely dominate over someone in terms of video or computer gameplay
type of word formation: Zero Derivation
dictionary entry: Own, v. to completely and utterly dominate over someone, especially in a computer game ('Please don't own me this time.') [new zero derivation; arising from 'own']

Ownage
context and source: 'Oh, wow, you just got dunked in a big barrel of ownage.' – Conversation in Hanszen College, 21 Oct 2003.
apparent meaning: In computer- or video-gaming circles, the verb OWN means to display superiority over someone or something, based on the concept of property holders as powerful figures. The suffix merely makes the verb into an abstract noun (used metaphorically above).
type of word formation: Derivation
dictionary entry: Ownage, n. Domination or superiority, usu. in a computer game.

P
P.A.
context and source: 'Please keep your seatbelts fastened until I give the appropriate p.a." -flight attendant, Houston to Atlanta, 11/26
apparent meaning: A message delivered over a loudspeaker system.
type of word formation: Acronym
dictionary entry: P.A., n. A 'public address'; an informative message delivered over a loudspeaker system. [Acronym of Public Address)

Packed
context and source: 'When he tried to make the lay-up, he got packed.' Conversation at the gym – 11/06/03
apparent meaning: Act of having a shot blocked while playing basketball.

Padna
context and source: 'How ya doin' padna' (Greeting used by a group of my friends)
apparent meaning: : This appears to be a word to refer to someone as a friend, boy(girl)friend, or buddy. The word was derived from the existing word 'partner', meaning 'someone who is associated with another person'.
type of word formation: Derivation
dictionary entry: Padna, n. A friend, classmate, significant other, or some other person with whom one has a unique relationship.

Pastability
context and source: 'Think of all the pastabilities'. (Black-eyed Pea chalk-board menu, 11/1/03)
apparent meaning: Having a variety of pasta dishes to choose from for a meal. The unit pasta is used in its entirety and blended with the ending of the word possibility. The substitution for the first part of the word is also interesting because the only difference in sound seems to be the addition of 't'.
type of word formation: Blend, pasta and possibility
dictionary entry: Pastability, n. That state of choosing any variety or combination of pasta dishes for a meal.

Peace
context and source: 'I'm gonna peace.' (A farewell from M. d'S., 9-30-03).
apparent meaning: To make one's exit
type of word formation: Zero Derivation
dictionary entry: Peace, v. to make one's exit from a social situation ('I'll have to peace in a few.') [New word by zero derivation from noun 'peace']

Peops
context and source: 'Come chat with your peops, eat good food and listen to good music.' From an e-mail from A. S., 10-30-03.
apparent meaning: People, friends
type of word formation: Clipping/Back Formation
dictionary entry: Peops, n. People, especially friends. ('I'm meeting some peops at the movies in a few.') [new formation by clipping and back formation of 'people']

Perty
context and source: 'There were some really perty broads at my old high school." Suitemate Mark Mendenhall
apparent meaning: Pretty
type of word formation: Folk Etymology
dictionary entry: Perty, adj. Pretty or attractive

Pfun
context and source: 'Life is pfun in Pflugerville!' (billboard 24 Oct 2003)
apparent meaning: Fun
type of word formation: New alliterative spelling
dictionary entry: Pfun, adj. fun, pleasant ('life is pfun in Pflugerville') [new alliterative spelling (alliterative with 'Pflugerville')]

Phat
context and source: 'That blond chick from the soccer team is so phat.' – Suitemate Josh Forester
apparent meaning: Attractive
type of word formation: Acronym
dictionary entry: Phat, adj Acronym for Pretty Hot And Tempting. Used to describe someone who is attractive or something that is popular at the time.

Phisher
context and source: "Users are directed towards the Web site by a 'phisher' e-mail." (read in online article http://www.msnbc.com/news/974015.asp?0si=- 9/30/03)
apparent meaning: Fake email that looks like it came from a current legitimate company, used to draw people to a site that looks legitimate and steal their personal information. The scammers are looking for the person to take the 'bait.'
type of word formation: Derivation
dictionary entry: Phisher n. official looking online document used to trick people into giving personal information. ('phisher email') [new derivation; formed from 'fish' + '-er']

Phishing
context and source: 'I got an email from a fraud the other day phishing for my credit card number.'
apparent meaning: A rapidly spreading internet scam where scam artists send spam emails disguised as collectors from big companies asking for billing information so that someone's credit can be used.
type of word formation: Suffix ph- + fishing
dictionary entry: Phishing: (N, V) A rapidly spreading internet scam where scam artists send spam emails disguised as collectors from big companies asking for billing information so that someone's credit can be used.

Phonicon
context and source: 'I started going through the phonicon with Chloe in July,' Searching for Aboriginal Languages, Robert Dixon, p.148.
apparent meaning: A list of all the possible combinations of sounds in a particular language that could, according to that language's phonology, be meaningful words.
type of word formation: Blend, phonetics and lexicon
dictionary entry: Phonicon, n. A collection of all possible combinations of sounds of a language that could, according to that language's phonology, be meaningful words. [new word formation by blending from 'phonetics' x 'lexicon'.]

Photog
context and source: 'I was the top photog my senior year. I got to take all the fun pictures!' (Alison Zientara, October 25, 2003).
apparent meaning: A photographer, one who takes pictures as part of a group of photographers that form a group.
type of word formation: Clipping
dictionary entry: Photog n. A person adept at taking photographs, usually for a hobby or club.

Pimp
context and source: 'Man, Brad Pitt is so pimp in this movie. I mean, look at that suit!' (Grant Chen, November 7th, 2003)
After an exam, my best friend and I either state that we pimped an exam or that it sucked.
apparent meaning: Someone or something with especially flamboyant style. To do very well at something
type of word formation: Zero Derivation
dictionary entry: Pimp Adj. Consisting of a favorable appearance or a flamboyant style. [Zero derivation of noun to adjective]
pimp - v., n. - to excel in a particular field or someone who excels in a particular field. I thought that test was going to be hard, but I totally pimped it.

PITA
context and source: 'I started calling him PITA because he would do things to annoy me pretty often' (a friend talking of a guy she knows and their interactions 11/30)
apparent meaning: PITA stands for 'pain in the ass'
type of word formation: Acronym
dictionary entry: PITA, n. Pain In The Ass ('stop being such a PITA') [an acronym]

Pizzle
context and source: The University of Iowa had nicknamed the president pizzle in order to make student/administrator interactions more fun. They changed the name when students said it referred to a bull's sex organs. (Omaha World Herald, Nov. 17, 2003)
apparent meaning: A bull's sex organs
type of word formation: Unknown
dictionary entry: Pizzle, n. A bull's sex organs (Man, that animal has a large pizzle.) [slang, formation unknown]

Plasma
context and source: 'I will have a new plasma in my new house.' (In a conversation with my friend on 11/20/2003)
apparent meaning: As the new kind of television is produced by making use a collection of charged particles (i.e. plasma), the television itself becomes known as a plasma TV or simply a plasma. This is an example of synecdoche in which the name of a part is used to refer to the entire object.
type of word formation: Clipping
dictionary entry: Plasma, n. a new kind of television which is very thin and has a big screen.

Play Fantasy
context and source: 'We play fantasy' (Magazine College Football Preview, August 2003 issue)
apparent meaning: To participate in a game modeled for fun and imagination. Expresses possession of a 'fantasy' or made-up team in the form of a verb. Refers to a sports team.
type of word formation: Compound
dictionary entry: Play fantasy, v. To participate in a fantasy football league with a chosen team make up

Playlist
context and source: 'Send me your music playlist; I want to get some of the songs you listen to.' (heard new word circa 1997)
apparent meaning: An arrangement of music titles one owns on a digital music player/computer
type of word formation: Compound
dictionary entry: Playlist, n. an arrangement of songs one owns, to be played on a digital music player ('your playlist has a lot of jazz songs') [new compound; formed from 'play' X 'list']

Playlistism
context and source: 'There are new social implications to sharing music; playlistism can occur.' (http://www.wired.com/news/mac/0,2125,61177,00.html?tw=wn_tophead_2, week of 11/6, 2003)
apparent meaning: Discrimination based upon ones music library or 'terrible taste in music'
type of word formation: Derivation of a compound
dictionary entry: Playlistism, n. discrimination not based on age, sex, or race but on a person's taste in music ('sharing music causes playlistism') [new derivation of a compund; formed from 'playlist' + '-ism']

Pooter
context and source: 'This is not Charles, I just commandeered his pooter and had my way with it.' (e-mail from V. O., 10-5-03.)
apparent meaning: Same as computer, synonym.
type of word formation: Clipping, with pronunciation and orthography change
dictionary entry: Pooter, n. computer ('If that pooter crashes again I will personally make sure that it never needs to be rebooted again.') [new word formation by clipping; formed from 'computer.']

Popcrack
context and source: "It smells like popcorn. Or, as we usually say, popcrack.' (E., Sid Rich freshman. 10-18-03.)
apparent meaning: Popcorn
type of word formation: Blend, popcorn and crack
dictionary entry: Popcrack, n. popcorn. ('I'm sorry, but you have something I need. Hand over the popcrack.') [New word formation by compounding; formed from 'popcorn' x 'crack'.]

Pop Rock
context and source: I use this term to describe a new genre of music that has been emerging for the past few years and has now firmly established itself.
apparent meaning: Mainstream rock, usually not as hardcore as classic rock
type of word formation: Compound
dictionary entry: Pop rock - n. - type of music characterized by being less abrasive than heavy metal or classic rock and more popular in the mainstream. This pop rock revolution has made bands like Good Charlotte and Puddle of Mudd very successful.

Posterize
context and source: 'In the basketball game, he got posterized.' Conversation – 11/16/03
apparent meaning: Making the opponent look very poor
type of word formation: Derivation (Affixation)
dictionary entry: Posterized, v. -making an incredible play against a defender who is captured on a metaphorical poster.

Pre-zactly
context and source: "Pre-zactly, that's just what I was thinking.' Online conversation with friend 11/03.
apparent meaning: It can be used to describe an action, or can be used as an interjection in speech, the same way some people might interrupt and say 'right. (blah blah blah)'. So the thing you are talking about can be precise, and exact, two very close synonyms. They work in conjunction with each other to enhance the meaning of your point.
type of word formation: Cross/blend of two adverbs: precisely + exactly = pre-zactly.
dictionary entry: Pre-zactly, interj., adv. In a precise, exact matter, or exclamation for a precise, exact occasion. [precise + exact]

Prosumer
context and source: Seen in a product review for a computer photo product in Sept. 2003 PC Magazine
apparent meaning: A consumer shopping for items for professional, not personal, use
type of word formation: Blend, professional and consumer
dictionary entry: Prosumer, n. Someone shopping for professional needs. (Prosumers do the shopping for companies.) [new blend, formed from professional + consumer]

Provacawhoritive
context and source: 'Look at that girl! I've never seen anyone so provacawhoritively dressed! (Ashley Salassi, November 8, 2003)
apparent meaning: Immodest and improper
type of word formation: Blend, provacative and whore
dictionary entry: Provacawhoritive adj. Extremely immodest behavior, dress, or language. [A combination of provocative and whore]

Psychoneuroimmunology
context and source: Discussed in a Nov. 28, 2003 Houston Chronicle article: 'To experts in the young medical field called psychoneuroimmunology, or PNI, it is no surprise that many people get sick or experience flare-ups of chronic illnesses while struggling to cope with the stress-inducing demands of the holiday season.'
apparent meaning: Study of how the nervous system, immune system and emotions interact
type of word formation: Compounding
dictionary entry: Psychoneuroimmunology, n. Study of how the nervous system, immune system and emotions interact (Psychoneuroimmunology has been studying how people are affected by the holidays.) [compound word, formed from 'psycho' + 'neuro' + 'immuno' + '-ology']

Punk
context and source: : 'You've just been punked!' (Ashton Kutcher, host of Punked, MTV, October 5th, 2003)
apparent meaning: To play a practical joke on someone, to fool a person
type of word formation: Metonymy
dictionary entry: Punk v. To prank, fool, play a practical joke that usually results in some form of humiliation. [Metonymic formation from the original neologism 'punk']
Q
Queasishness
context and source: Online conversation with friend, 11/03. 'This morning I felt a bit of queasishness, but that could have been hangover or illness…'
apparent meaning: Embodies the feeling of being queasy or sick to one's stomach.
type of word formation: 'Queasy' (feeling nauseous), the root of 'queasishness' was first modified into the adjective 'queasish' and the noun-forming –ness was added.
dictionary entry: Queasishness, n. The feeling of being sick to one's stomach. [queasy + -ish (adj) + -ness (v)]

Quippmanship
context and source: So far most of our intelligentsia have been more eager to explain what this war is not than what it is. Yet the conflict is not a hash-it-out in the faculty lounge, nor a brainstorm over a headline in the newsroom, nor flashy quippmanship in a political debate. – from a NationalReviewOnline editorial by Victor Davis Hanson on November 7, 2003
apparent meaning: The ability to produce a catchy soundbyte, witty remark, or clever turn of phrase
type of word formation: Affixation
dictionary entry: Quippmanship – n. the art, skill, or ability to create a catchy soundbyte, witty remark, or clever turn of phrase. ('In the recent Democratic presidential debates, the candidates in a nasty battle of quippmanship.') [affixation; formed from 'quip' + 'manship']
R
RaWoman
context and source: 'I'm an easy mac pro. you? or are you a RaWoman?' L. A. S., IM conversation, 11-21-03
apparent meaning: A woman skilled in the arts of cooking Ramen noodles
type of word formation: Blend, ramen and woman
dictionary entry: RaWoman, n. A woman who knows her Ramen and cooks it up right. ('The RaWoman shunned cafeteria food and ate for thirty cents a day ? Ramen morning, noon, and night.') [New formation by blending, from 'Ramen' x 'woman']

Registrar
context and source: 'He said he was going to be registraring for a few minutes, then he'd get ready for rugby practice.' ? Conversation in Hanszen College, 16 Nov 2003.
apparent meaning: To fill out and submit forms to the Office of the Registrar.
type of word formation: Derivation
dictionary entry: Registrar, v. To fill out and submit forms to the Office of the Registrar.

Renice
context and source: '[The technical thug] writes a suite of scripts to monitor processes, maintain a database of CPU usage, identify processes more than a standard deviation over the norm, and renice offending processes.' ? 'Know Your Sysadmin!' Online at < http://quark.physics.uwo.ca/~harwood/sysadmin.html >. Last updated 01 Dec 1996.
apparent meaning: The command renice arranges various processes on a computer network according to priorities determined by software and hardware settings; when it enters the language as a valid English word, RENICE implies human involvement a little bit more than just the raw computer command.
type of word formation: Borrowing (from computer coding language)
dictionary entry: Renice, v. To prioritize processes on a computing system.

Republicrat
context and source: 'The current Republicrats in office have rammed the prescription drug bill that most people don't want through Congress.' -- seen on rushlimbaugh.com in November 2003.
apparent meaning: A Republican member of Congress who tends to frequently support and vote for traditionally Democratic issues, such as the expansion of entitlement programs.
type of word formation: Blend and Clipping
dictionary entry: Republicrat ? n. A Republican Congressman that frequently supports and votes in favor of traditionally Democratic issues. ('House Republicrats recently passed the prescription drug bill to the Senate for deliberation.') [blending and clipping; formed from 'Republican' + 'Democrat']

Retro-Tech
context and source: 'Those retro-tech toys are still around, but this holiday season also offers plenty of electronic twists on the old traditions.' (read online on msnbc.com 12/01/03)
apparent meaning: Toys whose technology isn't as advanced as it used to be; non-digital or electronic related
type of word formation: Compound
dictionary entry: Retro-tech adj. technology of years past ('retro-tech toys') [new compound; formed from 'retro' + 'tech']

Rice Rocket
context and source: 'That Celica is such a rice rocket.' (conversation with friend, week of 11/24, 2003)
apparent meaning: An import car that has had modifications in order to look faster or be faster
type of word formation: Compound
dictionary entry: Rice rocket, n. a import car (Asian) that has had modifications to be faster or superficially 'look' faster ('My friend turned his Celica into a rice rocket') [compound; arising from 'rice' + 'rocket']

Ricoculous
context and source: 'Wow, that was absolutely ricoculous!' (Overheard during a movie, October 30th, 2003)
apparent meaning: Same meaning as ridiculous, just a new way of saying it
type of word formation: Clipping and Replacement
dictionary entry: Ricoculous Adj. absurd, preposterous; syn ridiculous [Clipping of ridiculous and replacement of 'dic' with 'coc']

Ridiculosity
context and source: 'Their project was just a ridiculosity ? they had put no work into it!' (A man referring to a presentation done by his colleges 10/25/03)
'My bug bite is ridiculosity.' (conversation with roommate 22 Sep 2003)
apparent meaning: Something that is huge and absurd.
type of word formation: Blend, ridiculous and monstrosity
dictionary entry: Ridiculosity, adj. Something of an outrageous and unreasonable nature ('your life is the epitome of ridiculosity') [Back formation from the adjective 'ridiculous']

Ripple
context and source: 'The fact that we are going to get more East Coast exposure just means that nationally, we will ripple in more directions and farther.' ?Rice basketball coach, quoted in 11/7 issue of the Thresher.
apparent meaning: Create a name for oneself; cause others to notice
type of word formation: Zero Derivation
dictionary entry: Ripple, v. To cause others to take notice of your accomplishments; to increase one's reputation through noticeable accomplishments

Rivered
context and source: 'You would not believe how much money I lose getting rivered like that.' ? Kyle Perkins.
apparent meaning: Beaten
type of word formation: Analogy
dictionary entry: Rivered; v. - getting beaten on last card in a game of No Limit Texas Hold 'em.

Roll
context and source: 'Rule 1 that I learned from working in Congresswoman Sanchez's office: staff must never roll her decisions.' (David Scatterday, September 2, 2003)
apparent meaning: To bring down or overrule
type of word formation: Zero derivation
dictionary entry: Roll v. To overrule a superior's authority in an underhanded fashion.

Romcom
context and source: 'I thought you considered romcoms below you,' T. C.-S. 11-03.
apparent meaning: Romantic comedy
type of word formation: Clipping and rhyme compounding
dictionary entry: Romcom, n. a romantic comedy ('Like any stereotypical middle-aged housewife, she is an admitted romcom enthusiast.') [New formation by clipping and compounding from 'romantic' + 'comedy'.]

Roton
context and source: 'I got a new roton in my lab today.'
apparent meaning: A rotating first year graduate student
type of word formation: Clipping and affixation
dictionary entry: Roton, n. A 1st year grad student in the biochemistry department who rotates between labs [clipping: rotating-first-year graduate student + -on Greek neuter noun suffix

Roxority
context and source: Online at googlism.com 11/20/03 "Thanks for the total roxority that is googlism" - Greg Pallis
apparent meaning: Something that 'rocks' i.e. is cool, awesome
type of word formation: Mainly a case of affixation, 'roxority' takes the root 'rocks', the youthful expression that describes something as being cool, and n-forming suffix ?ity and sticks them together to form a compound/blend (like 'seniority').
dictionary entry: Roxority, n. The state of being cool, great, wonderful. [rocks + -ity]

Runners
context and source: 'My mom bought me new runners for track.' (Emily Black, December 1, 2003)
apparent meaning: Running shoes
type of word formation: Coinage
dictionary entry: Runners n. a pair of shoes especially made and used for running. [Used by naming an object by what it is used for]

S
sample-slug
context and source: 'I used to work in Godiva, and could always pick out the sample-slugs from a mile away.' (a friend reminiscing on her experiences 12/01/03).
apparent meaning: because Godiva is a moderately expensive chocolate store, it often gives out free samples, and of course there are those people know who know about this and watch in for the samples. This word is referring to the type of person would comes into the store thinking 'I'm gonna get the sample and leave', and does that exactly. The human mind is sitting impatiently, waiting for any occasion to categorize things and people. If there is a specific group of people who do the same thing (for example, come into a store to get a sample and leave), then it is natural for us to label them. That is what's happened here.
type of word formation: a compound analogy
dictionary entry: Sample-slug, n. One who goes into a chocolate store only to get free sample chocolate, with no intentions of making a purchase ('sample-slugs are bad for the business') [a compound analogy]

School
context and source: 'Well, I got a 92, but you schooled me,' conversation with D., November 2003.
apparent meaning: to outshine or 'show' someone. the word sounds ghetto and therefore hip. The meaning derives from associations with school and competing to see who can perform better. Could also refer to teaching, as in outshining.
type of word formation: zero derivation 'school' (place of learning)
dictionary entry: School, v. To do noticeably or substantially better than someone. ('I thought my article on fungi growth would make the front page, but the girl who got the scoop on the martian landing sure schooled me.') [New word from zero derivation of 'school'.]

Schooled
context and source: 'A minute ago, he got schooled by the player with the blue shorts.' Conversation at the gym ? 11/06/03
apparent meaning: act of having someone make a great play against you, or consistently make better plays than you. Can be used for many sports. Probably comes from being taught or educated on how to play, as the word 'school' connotes being educated.

Scoundrelism
context and source: 'His science kept equal pace with his scoundrelism?' (chemistry lecture 6 Oct 2003)
apparent meaning: the practice of being a scoundrel, or unscrupulous person. The speaker was trying to find a noun to describe the state of being a scoundrel and so added on a common noun suffix to achieve this goal.
type of word formation: derivation of 'scoundrel' 'scoundrel' (an unscrupulous person) + '-ism' (N [practice])
dictionary entry: Scoundrelism, n. practice of being a scoundrel, or unscrupulous person ('his scoundrelism knew no bounds') [derivation of 'scoundrel']

Screamy
context and source: 'I just hate screamy films. I can't stand the sharp voices' (In a conversation with a friend on 11/24/2003)
apparent meaning: full of scream
type of word formation: Derivation of an adjective from the noun 'scream' by adding adjective suffix ?y. There may also be an analogy between the new word and a similar-looking word 'creamy'.
dictionary entry: Screamy, adj. full of scream.

scrumlicious
context and source: 'Dinner yesterday was scrumlicious?' (conversation, 9/15/03)
apparent meaning: very good food. The speaker wanted to convey that the food was significantly better than usual. Therefore, she blended scrumptious and delicious to form scrumlicious, to add emphasis to her statement for the description of the food.
type of word formation: blending 'scrumptious' ADJ. + 'delicious' ADJ. -> scrumlicious
dictionary entry: scrumlicious, adj. Used to describe very good food ('dinner was scrumlicious') [blending: 'scrumptious' ADJ. + 'delicious' ADJ. -> scrumlicious ADJ.]

SHMOO
context and source: 'Foraging beside me [the muskrat] walked very humped up, maybe to save heat loss through evaporation. Generally, whenever he was out of water he assumed the shape of a shmoo; his shoulders were as slender as a kitten's.' ? Annie Dillard, Pilgrim at Tinker Creek
apparent meaning: A small, tight curve or arch. I have no idea how this came about. In context, it makes a modicum of sense to presume that the shape is some kind of bunching-up or a curve, but SHMOO honestly has no precedent other than sounding really funny.
type of word formation: invention
dictionary entry: SHMOO, n. A small, tight curve or arch.

Servery
context and source: 'The north college servery is now the best on campus.' Brown Senior Aug. 2003
apparent meaning: a place where food is served but not eaten. Cafeterias usually have a place to sit and eat. Also cafeterias are cliché and generally not good.
type of word formation: affixation
dictionary entry: Servery, n. place where cafeteria style food is served but not eaten

sexationship
context and source: 'He has never had a long term girlfriend, but rather 1 week sexationships.' (A friend speaking of another's habits 11/15/03)
apparent meaning: A short-term relationship based solely on sexual attraction and relations. For a lack of a more specific description, this word was used to distinguish between relationships based on genuine care and feelings and those based on sex.
type of word formation: A blend, formed from 'sex' and 'relationship'.
dictionary entry: Sexationship, n. A temporary relationship that is based solely on physical attraction and sex. ('he never took her seriously, to him it was nothing but a sexationship') [A blend, formed from 'sex' and 'relationship']

sexcellent
context and source: 'These potatoes are simply sexcellent tonight.' ?dinner conversation with friend, week of 11/9
apparent meaning: Amazingly, almost unbelievably good. This word appears to be an intensified version of 'excellent.' Assuming that the speaker has a favorable view of sex, which is likely, adding this element to the word seems to take 'excellent' to another level. By combining the assumed ecstasy of sex with the already strong word 'excellent,' a word of very high intensity is created. As with most blends, the last sound in 'sex' and the first sound in 'excellent' are the same, making for an easy transition to the blended word.
type of word formation: blending
dictionary entry: Sexcellent, adj. Extremely pleasing; a higher degree of excellent [new derivation, fr. 'sex' + 'excellent']

Sexile
context and source: 'I got sexiled by my roommate last night because she had her boyfriend over.' I began hearing this word in the beginning of my freshman year, 2002, but I am positive that the word has been around for some years before this. So, an estimated guess is that the word came out in the later 1990's.
apparent meaning: In college dorms, where one roommate locks another out of the room for the night because they are having someone spend the night.
type of word formation: A blend of sex + exile.
dictionary entry: Sexile: (V, N) In college dorms, where one roommate locks another out of the room for the night because they are having someone spend the night.

Sexile
context and source: 'My friend was sexiled for the whole night.'
apparent meaning: to banish from one's own room when his or her roommate is having sex in the room.
type of word formation: A blend between 'sex' and 'exile'
dictionary entry: Sexile, v., to banish from one's own room when his or her roommate is having sex in the room.

shazbot
context and source: 'I missed the bus; oh shazbot.' (An episode of The Simpsons, week of 10/27, 2003)
apparent meaning: an exclamation of frustration in place of a dirtier word. An alien on the The Simpsons used this weird word, plus I believe it was coined on the TV show Mork and Mindy. I think sense the speaker was alien in both situations, the writers came up with a exclamation and/or curse word that is appropriate for all viewers. Not only is the alien not saying a real curse word, it comes off as funny to the audience with it is said, possibly because the word sounds awkward and funny to hear and say.  
type of word formation: zero derivation
dictionary entry: shazbot, exclamation. An exclamation in place of a harsher curse word, meant to be funny ('Oh shazbot! I'm late!') [new zero derivation; arising from 'shazbot', what a weird word']

She-male
context and source: 'He is a she-male' saw word in a web conversation ? 9/18/03
apparent meaning: transsexual, a male that has undergone a gender change

shibby
context and source: 'That girl is so shibby!' (from the movie, Dude, Where's My Car?, circa, 2000)
apparent meaning: when a person wants to express something cool or awesome, he or she would exclaim, 'Shibby!' I remember this word first being used in the movie Dude, Where's My Car? (2000). In the movie, whenever the main characters thought something was cool or awesome, they would say or shout, 'Shibby!!' It can also be used in place of 'awesome' or 'cool'. I am not sure the origin of the word, but it sounds like a word that was made up on the spot and sounded cool. Also, it might be related to some drug users, specifically marijuana, which describes main characters of the movie.
type of word formation: zero derivation
dictionary entry: shibby, exclamation, adj. Slang- An exclamation used in response to something awesome or cool ('Dude, that was so shibby!') new zero derivation; arising from 'shibby', some new sort of slang word']

Shite
context and source: 'Don't shite up the play, man! You better make that free throw!' as heard in the Halloween Hoops Rice Men's Basketball Team game on October 31, 2003.
apparent meaning: 1) n. Something bad, unfortunate, displeasing. Ex: 'This cafeteria food is some nasty-tasting shite.' 2) v. To mess something up, ruin. Ex: 'Don't shite up the entire project with your awful handwriting! Just type it for Christ's sake.' 3) expl. Similar or equal to the meaning of 'damn,' 'damn it,' 'shit,' or 'f**k.' Ex: 'Oh shite! I forgot to turn in my Spanish paper on time! What am I going to do?' I began hearing this word in the noun and expletive forms in the mid to late 1990's, during high school and middle school. We used the word at such a young age because it was a way of using the word 'shit' without having to say a bad word in front of parents and adult figures. More recently, beginning around fall 2003, I have heard the word used as a verb.
type of word formation: The word is a blend of the word 'shit' + the compound '-e.'
dictionary entry: Shite: (N, V, expletive) 1)n. Something bad, unfortunate, displeasing. Ex: 'This cafeteria food is some nasty-tasting shite.' 2)v. To mess something up, ruin. Ex: 'Don't shite up the entire project with your awful handwriting! Just type it for Christ's sake.' 3)expl. Similar or equal to the meaning of 'damn,' 'damn it,' 'shit,' or 'f**k.' Ex: 'Oh shite! I forgot to turn in my Spanish paper on time! What am I going to do?'

shnot
context and source: 'Shnot! I forgot my keys!' (a friend walking to her car, expressing discontent 10/15/03)
apparent meaning: a mild, relatively harmless expletive used as a clever replacement for more vulgar inappropriate curse words and expressions.
type of word formation: blend of 'shit' and 'snot'
dictionary entry: Shnot, n. A mild expletive implying discontent ('Shnot! I didn't mean to offend her!') [A blend, derived from 'shit' and 'snot']

shopathon
context and source: 'Come to Foley's on Friday for an all day shopathon!' (A TV advertisement for a post-thanksgiving sale 11/29-03)
apparent meaning: used in this context, shopathon implies a long, continuous day completely filled with shopping. In fact, based on the original words, it might even imply difficulty and exhaustion. However, I don't think this was a desired implication. Commercials must be exciting and catchy. Otherwise, there are so many of them, that they won't even be noticed. Making up new words is a great way of catching peoples' attention.
type of word formation: blend of 'shopping' and 'marathon'
dictionary entry: Shopathon, n. A marathon of shopping; a long continuous day or period of time filled with nothing but shopping ('I bought a lot during today's shopathon') [A blend, derived from 'shopping' and 'marathon']

Shweater
context and source: 'It's a shweater!' (What Not to Wear 17 Oct 2003)
apparent meaning: sweater with attached shirt collar and cuffs. This type of garment (a sweater, usually fitted, with shirt collar and cuffs attached) has only recently come into fashion and therefore does not have a commonly accepted name yet. The television show it was discussed on advises people how to dress fashionably, so the host, upon seeing the above-mentioned garment, and perhaps not wanting to appear ignorant by not having a name for it, dubbed it a 'shweater' for its component parts.
type of word formation: blend of 'shirt' + 'sweater' 'shirt' (a garment, often with collar, cuffs, and a button front, to cover the upper half of the body) + 'sweater' (a knitted garment for the upper part of the body)
dictionary entry: Shweater, n. sweater, usu. fitted, with attached shirt collar and cuffs ('try on that shweater') [blend of 'shirt' + 'sweater']

sick
context and source: When my computer has a virus, I describe it as sick.
apparent meaning: no longer in working order due to a virus or bug (electronics). Electronic pathogens and viruses and bugs are the technological equivalent of human disease, so I use sick to describe my computer when it is infected just like I would use the term for a person.
type of word formation: semantic change of known word
dictionary entry: sick - adj. - impaired by an electronic virus or bug. Once my computer was so sick that I had to send it back to Hewlett Packard to get the hard drive re-imaged.

Signage
context and source: 'I can have somebody look at that specific intersection to see if there are things that we can do to enhance the understanding of what the messages are being communicated by the signage.' (METRO Police Chief Thomas Lambert, quoted on Click2Houston.com, 11/20/03)
apparent meaning: signs (of a particular type or area) considered as a group. In order to regulate traffic, there must be signs on the road. Evidently, the plural form of the word 'sign' was not an adequate label for a collection of signs of a particular region or category, so someone took the morpheme '-age' (with its specific meaning of 'collection, mass, or amount') and tacked it onto 'sign' to create a new word with the desired meaning.
type of word formation: compound 'sign' (posted notice bearing a designation, direction, or command) + '-age' (N, A, collection, mass, amount, condition, state, action, result of an action)
dictionary entry: signage, n. Signs (of a particular type or area) considered as a group. ('the signage along Main Street') [new compound; formed from 'sign' + '-age']

SKACORE
context and source: 'Yo dude, that shirt you're wearing is skacore.' Conversation; 9/13/03.
apparent meaning: This term is a variation of hardcore, which simply means intensely cool. Skacore is basically a less intense version of this idea. The word comes from ska music, which is a kind of punk rock that involves classical instruments like the trumpet. Because of the inclusion of these other instruments, ska is less intense than punk and thus being skacore is less intense than being hardcore. This is why it was coined.
type of word formation: blend of ska and hardcore
dictionary entry: skacore [blend ska + hardcore] Adjective. Having the quality of being cool, but not in an extreme way.

skeeze
context and source: 'I won't go into too much detail because I don't want to skeeze you out.' (A phone conversation with a friend 11/26/03)
apparent meaning: to freak someone out, to scare, to turn off. This strange word is becoming popular in the teenage population and often is heard in the place of 'to freak out' or 'be disgusted or scared by'. There was absolutely no ulterior motive to this word being used. It was simply what came to the mind of the speaker and seemed natural and common enough to freely use in the same conversation 3-4 times.
type of word formation: unknown
dictionary entry: Skeeze, v. The act of scaring or creating feelings of disgust through verbal communication ('stop talking about that, it's skeezing me out') [of unknown etymology]

sketch
context and source: Conversations with various friends. Since 9/03. 'I don't know about that milk in the fridge, but I wouldn't drink it. It looks a little sketch.'
apparent meaning: 'Sketch' has essentially the same meaning as 'sketchy' (incomplete, imperfect) although the meaning of sketchy has broadened somewhat to include things that are strange, off-kilter. To say that something is 'sketch' means that you are unsure of and uncomfortable with it to some degree. With preexisting words, I think there is a tendency to either simplify, like from sketchy to sketch, or make them needlessly long, like fetishization and queasishness. I don't know why, but these seem to be underlying patterns of formation.
type of word formation: This is an example of a clipping: from sketchy, the ?y is taken away and the word is shortened to a blunter, monosyllabic form: sketch.
dictionary entry: sketch, adj. Characterized by unfamiliarity, incompleteness. [sketch from Gk schedios drawing]

Sketch
context and source: 'Valhalla is completely sketch.' (conversation with roommate 29 Aug 2003)
apparent meaning: questionable, unsavory. The speaker perhaps wanted a shorter, quicker, more 'modern' way to use the word 'sketchy' and so clipped the 'y' off of the original word.
type of word formation: clipping 'sketchy' (questionable, iffy)
dictionary entry: Sketch, adj. questionable, unsavory ('that neighborhood is so sketch') [clipped form of 'sketchy']

sketch
context and source: My friends and I use this term all the time, especially when we notice odd people around Rice.
apparent meaning: shady, weird. Just like a sketch is usually unclear, it is unclear as to whether you can trust a person or place that is sketch. It conveys the uncertainty and wariness that one feels when around unfamiliar things.
type of word formation: zero derivation
dictionary entry: sketch - adj. - disturbingly unusual, not to be trusted. It's kind of sketch that he always wears those sunglasses, even when it's raining.

SKETCHY
context and source: 'A bunch of sketchy townie boys showed up at the party.' Conversation; 9/29/03.
apparent meaning: The apparent meaning of 'sketchy' in this context is descriptive of people of dubious reputation. This word can also be used in other contexts to impart the same idea for things. As in, an ill-lit parking lot in a bad part of town could be described as 'sketchy.'This term was coined to better describe the reputation of a person or thing as undefined, possibly in a negative light.
type of word formation: none, new meaning for an old word
dictionary entry: sketchy [English sketch + y ADJ] Adjective. Of dubious reputation.

skrilla
context and source: 'Havin skrilla is the only way to deal with this. If it ain't green it ain't me.' Scarface, Rapper 9-5-03
apparent meaning: money. Rappers often try to use new words for money. This was a novel word at the time and became popular in hip hop communities after this.
type of word formation: entirely new.
dictionary entry: Skrilla; N. money

Slambulance
context and source: Conversation between friends: 'Wow, you just got made fun of?do you want me to call a slambulance?' (late Sept. 2003)
apparent meaning: a vehicle to take care of someone who has just been insulted (been slammed). The idea of an ambulance taking care of someone who is physically hurt has been put onto verbal insults in this instance.
type of word formation: blend slam + ambulance
dictionary entry: Slambulance, n. A vehicle that comes to the aid of someone who has been insulted (Man, you must be insulted. Need a slambulance?) [new blend; formed from 'slam' and 'ambulance']

Sleppy
context and source: 'I'm feeling very sleppy now.' Dayton University freshman Nov 2003
apparent meaning: After inquiring I found that it was a blend between sleepy and slaphappy. A blend to describe the feeling of being both tired as well as hyper.
type of word formation: blend
dictionary entry: Sleppy, adj. Being in the state where one is tired to the point of being very hyper [blend: sleepy and slap-happy]

slowbie
context and source: 'Don't be such a slowbie.' (conversation with suitemate, week of 11/24, 2003)
apparent meaning: a person that isn't very fast, especially when it comes to reaction time in computer and video games. Again, my suitemate was in a technological lingo mode when I was talking to him. This time I was playing a game with him, and he was commenting on my speed and reaction time in the game and how it was slowing him down. Like the word 'newbie', 'slowbie' is a product of a technological lingo type of speech, where the suffix 'bie' can be added to any number words to form 'techie' terms. I've also heard this term used to describe procrastinators.
type of word formation: zero derivation 'slow' (not very fast) + 'bie' (N)
dictionary entry: slowbie, n. A person with slow reaction time and or procrastinator, especially in computer games ('stop being a slowbie, you newbie!') [new zero derivation; arising from 'slow' + 'bie']

SLUMBITCH
context and source: 'He's nicer seeming, but he's still a slumbitch inside.' Ender's Game by Orson Scott Card; 9/22/03.
apparent meaning: Literally, this means a bitch from a slum. But taking its connotation into account, it seems to be a universal way of describing a person negatively, whether they be male or female, rich or poor. This word was probably coined as a more extreme or insulting way of describing someone as a bitch.
type of word formation: compound of slum and bitch
dictionary entry: slumbitch [compound slum + bitch] Noun. A person who behaves like a bitch in an extreme fashion.

Slurority
context and source: 'Yea, Sarah joined this really wild slurority at UT.' 10-24-03
apparent meaning: a sorority notorious for its members' promiscuous behavior. the speaker wanted to emphasize that the sorority was known for the promiscuity of its members.
type of word formation: blending 'slut' + 'sorority'
dictionary entry: Slurority; n. a sorority notorious for its members' promiscuous behavior.

Smore
apparent meaning: a snack with marshmallow placed between crackers
type of word formation: The word is derived by clipping the letter 's' from 'some' and then blending it with 'more'. It is probably formed by shortening the phrase 'some more' to 's'more' in daily conversation. The snack is so delicious that everybody says 's'more!' after eating it. Gradually people take 'smore' as the name of the snack.
dictionary entry: Smore, n. a snack with marshmallow placed between crackers.

Snizzle
context and source: 'Today's forecast calls for a 20% chance of snizzle.' Weather Channel 11/24/03
apparent meaning: light snow. Word is a combination of the words 'snow' + 'drizzle'

snozzle
context and source: Conversation with friend 9/03 (don't remember exact context)
apparent meaning: To snozzle means to caress or pet, as when cuddling a cat. Sound symbolism comes into play with 'snozzle'; the sn- in 'snuggle' evokes a cozy feel while the ?zz- in 'nuzzle' evokes a soft feel. The result is a soft, cuddly gesture, very similar to 'snuggle' but more particular to household pets than to people.
type of word formation: Snozzle is a blend of the verbs 'snuggle' and 'nuzzle'.
dictionary entry: snozzle, v. To pet or caress, as with a cat. [snuggle + nuzzle]

snurfling
context and source: 'Aww, listen to Buzz [my dog] snurfling.' ?my brother, 11/26
apparent meaning: A term for the distinctive sound made by my Boston Terrier. As a Boston Terrier, my dog is apt to make very distinctive sounds for which there is no common name. The term 'snurfling' seems to accurately describe one of his more common sounds. The first part of the word is similar to 'snuffle,' which is another term that could be used to describe the sound. The word fits well together phonetically, as the 'ur' sound flows nicely into the last syllable.
type of word formation: Onomatopoeia was used to create the noun 'snurfle,' while 'snurfling' was formed through analogy to other verbs formed from nouns. Snurfle (onomatopoeia) + -ing (verb suffix)
dictionary entry: Snurfling, v. The act of making distinctive sounds using the nose and internal airways, especially in the Boston Terrier breed of canine.

Sonize
context and source: 'As Christians, we are children of God, but we are daily being Sonized.' November 10, 2003.
apparent meaning: Through daily experiences, Christians are made more like Jesus, the Son of God. This word was used to describe a process of becoming like, or taking on the characteristics of the Son. Using the word 'Son' with the verbal ending 'ize' was able to accomplish this meaning in one word.
type of word formation: affixation
dictionary entry: Sonize: v. to become like, and take on the characteristics of the Son.

Spainglish
context and source: George isn't fluent in Spanish, he practically speaks Spainglish. ? Suitemate 10-30-03
apparent meaning: a mixture between the Spanish and English languages. The spear succinctly described George's perversion of the Spanish language that resembled the English language.
type of word formation: blending. 'Spain' + 'English'.
dictionary entry: Spainglish; N. a type of hybrid language that consists of Spanish and English.

spam
context and source: 'Dang it, my mailbox is full of spam.' (conversation with roommate, week of 11/3, 2003)
apparent meaning: unwanted email messages, usually sent my mass email, for no apparent reason. My roommate had not checked his email mailbox for several days, and when he checked it, it was full of dozens and dozens of random emails from people he didn't even know. These messages ranged anywhere from 'buying a credit card' messages to 'Stop smoking in 5 easy steps' messages. Anything and everything you could think of to sell or solicit, you could find in 'spam' email. This word probably comes from the previously newly formed word 'spam' as in the food 'spiced ham.' Many people claim spam (the food) to be nasty or an acquired taste at best; I believe the unwanted or 'nasty' email term arose from this.
type of word formation: zero derivation 'spam' (nothing else, just spam, spam, spam, eggs, bacon, sausage, and spam)
dictionary entry: spam, n. unwanted or unsolicited messages or email sent to a person over the internet ('spam slows the internet down') [new zero derivation; arising from 'spam, as in the food people love to hate']

spam rage
context and source: 'Several men have been arrested for spam rage.' (http://uk.news.yahoo.com/031121/80/eemvv.html, week of 11/17, 2003)
apparent meaning: a fit of intense anger and threatenings after receiving a deluge of spam. I was looking at various sites on the internet when I came across this article about several people being arrested for making threats to companies and other people sending out spam and other unsolicited email messages. This term is very similar to the more common 'road rage,' although it pertains to a person getting steamed about receiving a lot of spam email.
type of word formation: compound 'spam' (unwanted email messages) + 'rage' (intense anger)
dictionary entry: spam rage, n. a state of extreme anger and frustration caused by getting numerous unwanted or unsolicited emails ('the torrent of spam caused numerous counts of spam rage') [compound of a zero derivation; formed from 'spam', + 'rage']

Spank bank
context and source: 'Put her in your spank bank and forget about her.' (Heath Ledger in Ten Things I Hate About You)
apparent meaning: A memory bank of people one finds sexually attractive. This movie starred and catered to youth. By using words young people associate with, they better reach the audience. It is also an inventive way of advising someone to store up an image of an attractive person, one they might like to have sex with (presumably where 'spank' comes from).
type of word formation: compounding
dictionary entry: Spank bank n. A catalog of people one is sexually attracted to

specialer
context and source: 'We are specialer to them (grandparents) ? ' (during a conversation, 11/26/03)
apparent meaning: extremely special (note: the speaker intentionally said 'specialer'; it wasn't a mistake). The speaker wanted to convey that our grandparents consider us to be very special. The speaker intentionally said this, and it wasn't a mistake. Also, the word wasn't intended as a comparator, i.e., it needn't be followed by 'than'.
type of word formation: derivation (affixation) 'special' + -'er' (denote 'very' in this case) ADJ. ? specialer
dictionary entry: specialer, ADJ very special, more special than usual ('she is a specialer friend')

Spim
context and source: 'America Online, the largest instant-messaging provider, has a number of roadblocks in place to halt spam IM, or spim.' (Houston Chronicle, Nov. 17, 2003)
apparent meaning: large numbers of unwanted instant messages. Spam has been adopted into English as a word to describe mass, unwanted, junk e-mails. IM is becoming more and more mainstream and those who send out spam are beginning to use IM as an avenue as well. Thus, a new, more specific word has been formed to describe the new online annoyance.
type of word formation: blend spam + IM (instant message)
dictionary entry: spim, n. unwanted mass instant messages (Spim slows down my computer.) [blend, formed from 'spam' + 'IM' (instant message)

spirmitment
context and source: -'It's a spirit, it's a commitment?.it's a spirmitment.' -commercial for wireless phone service, week of 11/24
apparent meaning: A feeling of intense enthusiasm and commitment. This is a deliberate attempt to create a word by jamming two nouns together. In this case, the blend does not seem to flow easily from one root word to the other; the mouth must form two completely different shapes to go from 'spir-' to '-mitment.' This may have been by design, as it almost seemed as if the commercial was a spoof of other companies' attempts to win customers.
type of word formation: Blending 'spirit' + 'commitment'
dictionary entry: Spirmitment, n. An idea or strong feeling of committed enthusiasm, especially shown by a company for its customers. [from 'spirit' + 'commitment']

Spit game
context and source: 'What do you say we go down to pub and spit game.'
apparent meaning: To look for people of the opposite sex to talk to.
type of word formation: unknown
dictionary entry: Spit game, v. to look for a sexual partner [origin unknown]

Spoco
context and source: 'Come see Spoco and the Philharmonics perform'. Seen on a flier this semester for a dual performance by the Philharmonics and Spontaneous Combustion.
apparent meaning: abbreviated name for, Spontaneous Combustion, the improv troupe at Rice University. Again, when things are used and said often, the tendency is to want to shorten them. Also, Spontaneous Combustion is a long name, and they may have needed to conserve space on the flier
type of word formation: blending and clipping spontaneous 'occurring randomly' + combustion 'burning'
dictionary entry: Spoco ? n. The abbreviated name for Spontaneous Combustion, the improv comedy troupe at Rice University. ('The show I saw last night by Spoco was fantastic!') [blending and clipping; formed from 'spontaneous' + 'combustion']

spoon
context and source: 'I have to sleep with my back to the wall so my roommate won't spoon with me.' Suitemate 9-10-03
apparent meaning: bother or molest. This word has become rather trendy lately and is often used as a substitute for the word 'cuddle.' The speaker probably used this word to appear hip and sound comical.
type of word formation: zero derivation
dictionary entry: spoon; V. to cuddle or snuggle while both individuals face the same direction

squarify
context and source: 'We need to squarify our images' (IM conversation, 11/15/03)
apparent meaning: to make an image square. Square images are easier to conduct experiments with. The speaker wanted to convert the rectangular images obtained to square images in order to be able to conduct experiments more easily.
type of word formation: analogy 'square' (pertaining to a square) + -'ify' V. ? continuify
dictionary entry: squarify, v. Process of making something square ('squarify an image') [analogy: 'square' (pertaining to a square) + -'ify' V.]

STILLNESSWAY
context and source: 'Now the speedway was a stillnessway.' ? Annie Dillard, Pilgrim at Tinker Creek
apparent meaning: A path marked by quietude and lacking any disturbance (esp. manmade invasion). The following quotation illustrates the reason the coinage came about; the absence of motor vehicles from a certain area changed the atmosphere of the place, and Dillard wished to play with the morphemes of the original word in order to capture the essence of the contrast wittily.
type of word formation: compound and derivation STILL + -NESS + WAY
dictionary entry: STILLNESSWAY, n. A path marked by quietude and lacking any disturbance (esp. manmade invasion)

Stirrage
context and source: 'Stirrage increased.' (Conversation about lab with lab partner, 11/11/03)
apparent meaning: The act or motion of stirring. The morpheme '-age' seems to have become rather fashionable (especially among American adolescents) as a readily available noun ending for many verbs. Because of this morpheme's newfound fame, it is not surprising that a young college student would attach it to a verb (such as 'stir') that is often spoken during the laboratory period. The new word 'stirrage' has the same meaning as the noun 'stirring.'
type of word formation: compound 'stir' (to pass an implement through (a liquid) in circular motions so as to mix the contents) + '-age' (N, A, collection, mass, amount, condition, state, action, result of an action)
dictionary entry: stirrage, n. The act or motion of stirring. ('the stirrage of the reagents in a flask') [new compound; formed from 'stir' + '-age']

Str8
context and source: 'I am a str8 male' saw word in a chatroom conversation 9/18/03
apparent meaning: means 'heterosexual,' just an alphanumeric way of saying 'straight.'

Straight
context and source: Asked whether my roommate needed anything about Target and she responded negatively, stating 'I'm straight' (Nov. 12, 2003)
apparent meaning: everything is in order. Just a more modern way of saying 'ok.'
type of word formation: zero derivation
dictionary entry: Straight, adj. Doing ok (No worries, I'm straight.) [zero derivation, formed from 'straight']

strategery
context and source: 'Sum up in one word why you should be elected President.' 'Strategery.' -Saturday Night Live skit, originally aired in 2000 but constantly rerun now
apparent meaning: A mangling of the word 'strategy.' This word was likely just an attempt to poke fun at George W. Bush's speaking habits, but it is representative of how some words may be formed. The correct word is 'strategy,' but 'strategery' has been used because it sounds similar to other, fancy words that might be used to impress people. This word entered the language as a joke, but it has been repeated so often since the original airing of the show that it may become a legitimate word.
type of word formation: Blending/Analogy
dictionary entry: Strategery, n. A form of the word 'strategy'; using cunning for the achievement of a goal

stupendulous
context and source: 'That chicken in the cafeteria at lunch was stupendulous.' Martel Sophomore 10-24-03
apparent meaning: wonderful. The speaker wanted to describe just how incredible the chicken was so she blended two words to emphasize how amazing or incredible the chicken was.
type of word formation: blending. 'Stupendous' + 'fabulous'
dictionary entry: Stupendulous; adj. describes something that is amazing or incredible.

Stupious
context and source: 'I'm being stupious by doing my orgo homework.' -online conversation with friend, 10/1
apparent meaning: The condition of studying too much to do any good. 'Stupious' is a highly useful term that seems to describe quite a few students at this university. There is currently no widely accepted term describing a student who studies to the point of ludicrousness. Stupious is ideal because it combines the two ideas, stupid and studious, perfectly into one word. It is also ideal because the first syllable is the same in both words. Therefore, only the 'd' in 'studious' must change to a 'p.' This change from an alveolar sound to a bilabial sound is a relatively easy transformation.
type of word formation: Blending 'Stupid' (lacking intelligence) + 'studious' (studying often)
dictionary entry: Stupious, adj. The condition of studying too much to do any good; stupidly studious. [new derivation, fr. 'stupid' + 'studious']

suckage
context and source: Conversations with friends, since spring 2003. 'I'm going to be up half the night working on this project?it's going to be major suckage'
apparent meaning: Suckage takes it's meaning from the extremely common slang word 'suck' (v), meaning 'to be terrible, horrible, etc.' and turns it into a noun, so that everything that 'sucks' can now be deemed 'suckage'. It is to be used in the most informal setting.
type of word formation: Another example of affixation: suck + age (n-forming).
dictionary entry: suckage, n. Anything that is terrible, unpleasant. [suck + -age]

Superbug
context and source: 'Bio-engineered superbug stirs debate.' (MSNBC.com, 10/31/03)
apparent meaning: A particularly drug-resistant disease-producing microorganism (especially one that has been genetically or otherwise engineered), said especially of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. Because of the popularity of the Superman comic books and subsequent films and television series, the morpheme 'super' used as a prefix has acquired the connotation of describing the 'super-thing' as unusually strong and resistant. Thus, it was only natural for the new word 'superbug' to arise when our technology had advanced to a point where bacteria and viruses could be genetically engineered to be resistant to most, if not all, antibiotics and vaccines.
type of word formation: compound 'super-' (large, great, extreme) + 'bug' (disease-producing microorganism or the disease produced by this microorganism)
dictionary entry: superbug, n. A particularly drug-resistant disease-producing microorganism (especially of the genetically engineered variety), generally said of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. ('a bio-engineered superbug') [new compound; formed from 'super-' + 'bug']

Supermax
context and source: 'New thinking on 'Supermax' prisons.' (MSNBC.com, 11/05/03)
apparent meaning: Possessing technologically advanced security precautions for the containment of exceptionally violent and dangerous criminals, said of prisons. The existence of criminals warrants the existence of prisons. When there are criminals who are exceptionally dangerous, they are kept within maximum-security prisons. When the criminals in question are 'the worst of the worst,' they are contained within supermax prisons. The new adjective 'supermax' probably makes use of a peculiar connotation of the 'super-' morpheme. This meaning is associated with the Superman of graphic novels, films, and television series, and it is used to describe things as unusually strong and resistant. Therefore, adding this morpheme to a clipped version of 'maximum-security' produces an adjective that accurately describes this nation's newest high-tech prisons.
type of word formation: compound/clipping 'super-' (large, great, extreme) + 'max' (maximum, maximal) [from 'maximum-security']
dictionary entry: supermax, adj. Possessing technologically advanced security precautions for the containment of exceptionally violent and dangerous criminals, said of prisons. ('authorities were transferring the infamous serial killer to the newest supermax prison') [new compound/clipping; formed from 'super-' + 'max' (maximum-security)]

surflet
context and source: 'Lets call these new representations surflets?.' (ECE advisor, during a conversation with research group, 10/16/03)
apparent meaning: surface-lets ? little surfaces used to approximate large complex surfaces. In the ECE community, an active area of research is to represent a large complicated 'object' using smaller objects. These smaller objects usually have the suffix '?let', like wavelets (little waves), wedgelets (little wedges), etc. Our group came up with a new representation which uses little surfaces to approximate big surfaces. Hence, following the tradition, we decided to name our little surfaces surflets.
type of word formation: blending 'surface' + -'let' (little, N.) ? surflet (little surface)
dictionary entry: surflet, n. A little surface ('Surflets provide good approximation properties') [blending: 'surface' + 'let -> surflet]

Swish
context and source: 'He swished that last shot.' Conversation in gym ? 11/06/03
apparent meaning: to make a shot in basketball shot that does not hit the iron hoop, and only touches the net. From the sound produced by the aforementioned act: SWISH.

Swoosh
context and source: 'The swoosh sign on the shoe was black.' Conversation in shoe store ? 11/12/03
apparent meaning: name of 'check' symbol for Nike products.

T
TA
context and source: 'I'm now TAing one class only' (In a conversation with my friend on 11/23/2003)
apparent meaning: to be the teaching assistant of a class
type of word formation: TA is originally the acronym of 'teaching assistant' and is a noun. But by zero derivation, it is now used also as a verb.
dictionary entry: TA, v. to be the teaching assistant of a class.

tabloidification
context and source: 'There has been a marked tabloidification of the Indian media over the last few years' (social commentator on the state of Indian society, Star TV interview, 8/18/03)
apparent meaning: media selling more 'tabloid'-type news, as opposed to 'broadsheet' news. The speaker was referring to a trend in the media towards more 'tabloid'-type news (usually sensationalistic news, often not true), than conventional 'broadsheet' news
type of word formation: derivation (affixation) 'tabloid' + -'ify' V. + -'cate' V. + -'ion' N.
dictionary entry: tabloidification, n Refers to a shift towards more tabloids, or tabloid-type news, by the media ('tabloidification of newspapers') [derivation: 'tabloid' + -'ify' V. + -'cate' V. + -'ion' N.]

Tag-whore
context and source: 'Andrea is a self-proclaimed tag-whore. She won't buy anything that's not from Abercrombie. Sometimes, she buys outfits she doesn't even like, as long as the tag is in an obvious place." (November 17, 2003)
apparent meaning: One who actively pursues brand names. Whore has come to mean someone who shamelessly pursues another. In this application, it refers to a person who pursues glitzy name brands, i.e. tags for the sake of social status. This is an inventive way of getting across a common idea.
type of word formation: compounding
dictionary entry: Tag-whore n. A person who buys name-brand items for the sake of portraying a certain image. [a compound of tag (marked with a brand name) and whore]

Technocrats
context and source: '?the classic fight between new boys and the old crowd; the pragmatists against the ideologues; the technocrats against the Reagan loyalists.' (The Power game, p. 314)
apparent meaning: A group of people especially proficient in technology, who are also firm believers in it. 'Technocrats' was probably used to categorize people who are members of the technology 'in-group,' who use technology to solve most problems and who stubbornly hold to the view that it is the most efficient and modern way.
type of word formation: blend
dictionary entry: Technocrat n. A person who is knowledgeable and skilled in new technologies, who usually believe technology is the answer. [a blend between technology and crat (meaning 'member')]

Technolust
context and source: 'The Canon A70 makes me crazy with technolust.' (November 18, 2003).
apparent meaning: Yearning after the newest technology. This creative word combines two distinct concepts, technology and lust, into a word that describes how we all must feel at times?the desire to have the latest.
type of word formation: Compounding
dictionary entry: Technolust n. The desire or craving for ownership of the newest, shiniest, or fastest models in technological development.

Temporicide
context and source: 'These days I did nothing but temporicide.' (In my friend's letter received on 11/22/2003)
apparent meaning: the killing of time
type of word formation: From the novel concatenation of the Latin morphemes 'tempor' meaning 'time' and 'cide' which means 'cut or kill'.
dictionary entry: Temporicide, n. the killing of time.

texify
context and source: 'Click here to texify' (in WinEdt, an editor for Latex, 11/01/03)
apparent meaning: to convert a regular text document to Latex (pronounced La-tech)format. Latex is a document format used for technical documents. WinEdt is an editor which allows one to convert regular text to Latex format. 'tex' is analogized with 'Latex'.
type of word formation: analogy 'tex' (pertaining to Latex) + -'ify' V. ? texify (pronounced 'techify', with 'tech' as in technology)
dictionary entry: texify, v. Converting regular text to Latex format ('texify a document'

Text me
context and source: 'Text me later' (Conversation on a shuttle, 9/20/03)
apparent meaning: To send a written message electronically from a cellular phone. It seems to be a more modern version of 'call me later', and expresses a person's desire to be contacted in the near future. The speaker was asking for later communication, in reference to a technological function or feature.
type of word formation: Derivation
dictionary entry: to text, v. To send a written message for social communication from one cellular phone to another.

Thumpa-thumpa music
context and source: 'That club just plays thumpa-thumpa music.' Brown freshman Sept. 2003
apparent meaning: music played with a lot of base especially at a club or other place where music may be played for the sole purpose of having lots of base. The rhythm is clear and strong. Use a descriptive onomatopoeia word for the style of music played at this specific dance club.
type of word formation: onomatopoeia
dictionary entry: Thumpa-thumpa music, n Music that is played solely for the purpose of having a lot of base [onomatopoeia]

tick-tock
context and source: 'Don't forget to put on your tick-tock.' ?my mom, 11/28
apparent meaning: wristwatch. This word may have been formed through metonymy. The term 'tick-tock' describes the sound made by the watch, but my mom used it to refer to the watch itself. The term for one idea became a term for a different but related entity, which describes metonymy. This word was probably used just for a change of pace from 'watch.'
type of word formation: Possibly metonymy. 'Tick' and 'tock' are both examples of onomatopoeia: they are sounds a watch makes as the second hand progresses.
dictionary entry: Tick-tock, n. Another term for a wristwatch [derived from the sound made by the inner workings of some watches].

Tight
context and source: 'The graphics in that new video game are so tight.' 10-24-03
apparent meaning: very good or cool. instead of using the common descriptive words such as 'cool' or 'awesome' the speaker decided to use some more novel lingo.
type of word formation: zero derivation.
dictionary entry: tight; adj. good or awesome.

to flip a lid
context and source: 'When I saw the grade I got on that test, I flipped a lid!' (a college student describing her reaction 11/30)
apparent meaning: to panic, to freak out, carries specifically negative connotations. The test score was not so pleasing, thus the reaction was that of becoming irritated and upset. in order to correctly express the level of upsetness, a humorous interesting expression is used.
type of word formation: analogy
dictionary entry: Flip a lid,v. To react negatively to a stressor, to get upset and irritated, to freak out ('he flipped a lid when he saw her standing there') [An analogy]

tonk
context and source: 'Calling us for no reason, what a tonk!' (An HCESD (Harris county east side district) paramedic, frustrated at a man calling 911 for no good reason 11/29)
apparent meaning: when asked, the paramedic said that all the poor population of that part of Houston are tonks. No linguistic or logical explanation was given. this seems to be an arbitrary name assigned to a specific population of the city of Houston. There is no reason for this word to be used, other than that it has been designated to represent the people of the low socioeconomic layers.
type of word formation: unknown
dictionary entry: Tonk, n. A poor or homeless person belonging to or living in the East Side District of Harris County, TX ('go back to your area, tonk') [of unknown etymology]

tool
context and source: Online conversation with friend, 11/03. '?.he cheated on his girlfriend, what a tool?'
apparent meaning: A tool is someone who is a real loser- mean and nasty. I honestly have no idea where 'tool' is from, I suspect it is some sort of Pacific NW slang, as it is another word from my friend who goes to Whitman College.
type of word formation: What to call people you don't like: another popular category to create neologisms in. These words seem to move in fads though, the words that are not ingrained expletives don't seem to stick around for very long.
dictionary entry: tool, n. A despicable, nasty person.

toolish
context and source: A friend of mine could not think of the adjective form of the word tool, so he decided to make one up. Of the several options he provided, this one is my favorite.
apparent meaning: as a tool, like a tool. In the absence of an obvious adjective form of a common word, the speaker made several, such as toolic, toolesque, and toolish. Toolish seems the most appropriate because of its phonetic similarities to foolish (another adjective to be used in an insulting manner).
type of word formation: known stem with alternate ending
dictionary entry: toolish - adj. - similar to a someone who is used by someone or something for the user's purposes, usually derogatory. Formed from tool and -ish (an adjective forming suffix). Some politicians may describe Colin Powell's actions for the President as toolish while others see them as signs of loyalty and patriotism.

Tracking
context and source: 'Are you tracking?' (conversation with University of Pennsylvania sophomore 7 Sep 2003)
apparent meaning: understanding the speaker's line of thought, argument, or directions. The speaker was trying to ensure understanding and so posed his question. The common form of the word 'to track' means to follow the trail of something. From there, it's just a metaphorical jump from physically following something to keeping up with a conversation or argument.
type of word formation: metaphorical extension ('tracking', v. in a physical sense to 'tracking', v. in a mental sense] 'track' (to follow the trail of) + '-ing'
dictionary entry: Tracking, v. understanding the speaker's line of thought, argument, or directions ('are you tracking') [zero derivation of 'track', v.]

Tragical
context and source: 'I have always thought the ending of Romeo and Juliet to be quite tragical.' Classmate, Poli 210 October 15, 2003.
apparent meaning: Used to describe a situation in which a tragedy occurs. the speaker was trying to explain the situation as a tragedy, changed the form of the word (n) to make it into a descriptor (adj). It may also have been a blend between tragedy and debacle.
type of word formation: blend, derivation
dictionary entry: Tragical adj. A word used to describe situations that are an extreme misfortune, a terrible tragedy.

trickeration
context and source: '?and the coach employs a bit of trickeration?' -announcer on football broadcast, 11/27
apparent meaning: Trickery or deceptiveness. Trickeration seems to be a word that one who is uncomfortable speaking to an audience might use when trying to come up with a word like 'trickery.' It is formed by taking the last letter off of 'trickery' and adding the noun suffix '-tion.' The linker 'a' is included so the speaker can more easily progress from the long a sound to the 'sh' sound in the word. This is analogous to words such as concentration or affixation (of which this word is an example).
type of word formation: Blending or Analogy/affixation 'trickery' + 'a' (linker) + '-tion' (noun suffix)
dictionary entry: Trickeration, n. A synonym for trickery; deceptive behavior in an attempt to gain an advantage

Trippin
context and source: Why you trippin today? Server at Martel cafeteria 10-30-03
apparent meaning: literally stumbling. (this is deceiving because of the short sentence in which the word is used.) Instead of telling the woman that she was acting foolish, 'trippin' is much more efficient because it is so concise.
type of word formation: zero derivation and ananolgy 'trip' + '-ing' (v. 'the act of')
dictionary entry: Trippin; v. acting foolish.

trippy
context and source: 'That is so trippy, he should go smoke something.' (comment by friend while watching Meet the Parents 11/29/03)
apparent meaning: in a drug context, trip means bad hallucinations, so trippy is having the property of having a bad hallucination; like a bad hallucination. The speaker was trying to describe a scene in Meet the Parents where the father was trying to get the daughter's boyfriend to admit that he does drugs. The way he did that is to describe the scene as having the quality of a bad 'trip' or hallucination.
type of word formation: derivation 'trip' (to stumble) + '-y' (n)
dictionary entry: trippy adj. having the qualities of a bad hallucination ('that is so trippy') [new derivation; formed from 'trip' + '-y']

Trow
context and source: "Drop trow for Brown" Brown College cheer.
apparent meaning: based on the actions of the people chanting trow is short for trousers. clipping of the word trousers for poetic reasons.
type of word formation: clipping
dictionary entry: Trow n. a garment worn to cover ones legs [clipping: trousers pants]

True
context and source: 'I love that new P. Diddy song, it is so true.' - Suitemate 10-17-03
apparent meaning: good, cool. the word 'true' is often used in the African American and hip-hop communities. Because the speaker was describing a hip-hop song, he probably felt that 'true' would be an appropriate word choice.
type of word formation: zero derivation.
dictionary entry: True, adj. a word used to describe someone or something that cool or good.

TWENTY-FOUR-SEVEN, also in print: 24/7
context and source: 'I feel like I study twenty-four-seven.' Conversation; 9/10/03.
apparent meaning: This phrase literally means twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. It has a connotation that imparts the idea of all the time or constantly. This word was probably coined to shorten the long phrase 'twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week.'
type of word formation: compound of twenty-four and seven; clippingof 'hours a day' and 'days a week' out of longer phrase
dictionary entry: twenty-four-seven (alternate spelling 24/7) [compound twenty-four + seven] Noun. 1. Twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. 2. All the time or constantly.

Twentysomething
context and source: In an article about obesity in USA Today on 10/13/2003
apparent meaning: a person in his or her twenties
type of word formation: Compounding of the word 'twenty' and 'something'. By extension, people who are in their thirties can be called 'thirtysomethings' and so on.
dictionary entry: Twentysomething, n. a person in his or her twenties.

Twofer
context and source: 'She's pulling a twofer.' (9/22/03)
apparent meaning: something that yields a dual return for a single expense. There has long been a saying, 'two for the price of one,' meaning that the consumer would receive two of the item he wanted by paying only the price of one of the items. This DJ probably began using this word recently after hearing it from another source. The original person who coined the word probably did so because he or she wanted a noun to convey the sense of 'two for the price of one.' However, the entire phrase was apparently too long, so it was shortened to the first two words, and the spelling of the second changed to closer represent the actual sound pronounced.
type of word formation: compound/clipping 'two' (cardinal number equal to 1 + 1) + 'fer' (altered spelling of 'for,' clipping of phrase '[two] for (the price of) one,' dual return for a single expense)
dictionary entry: twofer, n. An offer or arrangement in which one expense yields two returns. ('to pull a twofer') [new compound/clipping; formed from alteration of 'two (for the price of) one']

U
übernice
context and source: 'We took our project to Kinko's so now it looks übernice.' -overheard at lunch table, 11/26
apparent meaning: Extremely good or pleasing. This is a very interesting formation, and the exact reasons for its usage are unclear. The speaker could easily have used another English suffix, such as 'super,' in place of the noticeably foreign '¸ber.' A likely explanation is that '¸bernice' is just fun to say. However, this may be a sign that the prefix '¸ber' is slowly making its way into mainstream English and will eventually become an everyday borrowed prefix, just as 'super' is today. Another interesting feature of this word is the apparent difference in tone between the prefix and root. 'Nice' has evolved to become a relatively bland adjective, usually used to describe something that does not evoke much excitement. Adding an intensifying prefix like '¸ber' is seemingly contradictory; it would probably make more sense to use an already intense root, like 'amazing.' It will be interesting to see if '¸bernice' manages to work its way into everyday use.
type of word formation: Compounding Composed of '¸ber' (German 'super') + nice (native)
dictionary entry: 9bernice, adj. Extremely pleasing or good; good-looking; very nice [new derivation, fr. Ger. '¸ber' (super-) + nat. 'nice' (pleasant)

ULTRATRIBAL
context and source: ''This is an ultratribal area,' Mirabile explained to Newsweek. 'We understand that there's no winning this battle without winning the hearts and minds of the people, and you don't do that without winning the sheiks.'' ñ Newsweek, 10 Nov 2003.
apparent meaning: Having extremely strong tribal affiliation; characterized by a great emphasis on the importance of the tribe. This word was no challenge to create; ULTRA- denotes extremity or a going-beyond, modifying the stem TRIBAL.
type of word formation: derivation ULTRA- + TRIBAL
dictionary entry: ULTRATRIBAL, adj. Having extremely strong tribal affiliation; characterized by a great emphasis on the importance of the tribe.

unabout
context and source: 'stories unabout college' (on graph of stories about college and stories not, created for the 100th college story of a friends blog 10/13/03)
apparent meaning: not relating to stories about college. On the graph, the writer was showing the number of stories on his webpage that aren't about college. Using the morpheme 'un-' flows better than saying not.
type of word formation: derivation 'un-' (not) + 'about' (relating to)
dictionary entry: unabout prep. not relating to. ('stories unabout college') [new derivation; formed from 'un-' + 'about']

unAustralian
context and source: 'It was certainly unAustralian in its forms.' (Searching for Aboriginal Languages, Robert Dixon, p. 107.)
apparent meaning: erring from the majority of Australia's aboriginal tongues. Dixon wanted to denote the language in question as substantially different from those addresses thus far in his narrative, so he affixed the ubiquitous 'un-' prefix to the adjective Australian. The new word is particularly striking because of the capital 'A' at the boundary between morphemes, which visually symbolizes the contrast between languages that follow the usual Australian language pattern and those that don't.
type of word formation: derivation 'un-' (not) + 'Australia' (continent southeast of Asia and west of the Americas) + '-an' (adj. suffix)
dictionary entry: unAustralian, adj. Not following the usual Australian norms, especially relating to the indigenous languages of the continent. ('Mbabaram's lexicon was distinctly unAustralian in its makeup.') [New derivation from 'un-' + 'Australia' + '-an'.]

uncelebratory
context and source: 'To celebrate the uncelebratory event of telling one-hundred stories, I have composed these charts and graphs for all the critics of the site.' (read from online blog of friend 10/13/03)
apparent meaning: something that is not, cannot, or should not be celebrated. The writer was talking about how 100 stories about college isn't really anything to celebrate about. So he used celebratory and the morpheme 'un-' in order to convey not celebratory.
type of word formation: derivation 'un-' (not) + 'celebrate' (to observe an event with ceremony or festivity) + '-ary/-ory' (adj/noun)
dictionary entry: uncelebratory adj. something that cannot or is not celebrated ('uncelebratory event') [new derivation; formed from 'un-' + 'celebrate' + '-ary/-ory']

uncouple
context and source: On Buffy the Vampire Slayer, two couples physically separated (uncoupled) when approaching a girl who had just been through a devastating breakup.
apparent meaning: to move apart from your loved one. The two couples were caught by surprise by the appearance of their friend, and they needed a quick signal to stop holding each other's hands and acting as a couple. Uncouple was a short and easily understood term, and they avoided appearing insensitive to Buffy's recent struggles with love.
type of word formation: affixation
dictionary entry: uncouple - v. - to physically separate oneself from his/her significant other, to cease the habits of a typical couple. Could you guys uncouple for just a little bit? It's not like you're eating alone!

Unitonal
context and source: 'My physics professor is unbearably unitonal.' (November 29, 2003)
apparent meaning: monotone and extremely boring. This word is a variation of monotone. However, adding a prefix and suffix gives it a more 'intelligent' sound. This may have been the feel Chrissy was trying to get across, intelligent but boring. 'Unitonal' might also be a way to create a new word in expressing her frustration.
type of word formation: blend
dictionary entry: Unitonal adj. Words delivered orally in one tone, which begins to grate on the listener, quickly becoming boring. [A combination of prefix uni- + monotone + al]

unpossible
context and source: 'It would be unpossible for us to spell it wrong.' (read on online forum for the MOB on 11/6/03)
apparent meaning: something that is not possible; not capable of happening. The speaker was trying to anger a person on the online forum. He wanted to use a word that is not standard English, but still made sense. So the morpheme 'un-' was substituted for 'in-/im-'. His process created a new word.
type of word formation: derivation 'un-' (not) + 'possible' (capable of happening, existing)
dictionary entry: unpossible adj. not capable of happening or existing ('it would be unpossible') [new derivation; formed from 'un-' + 'possible']

Upper-middlebrow
context and source: 'But trying to sell sex as 'classy' or upper-middlebrow can backfire.' (In The Dallas Morning News on 11/23/2003)
apparent meaning: belonging to the upper and/or middle class
type of word formation: Formed by the concatenating the words 'upper', 'middle' and 'brow', which means 'the projecting upper part of a steep road'.
dictionary entry: Upper-middlebrow, adj. belonging to the upper and/or middle class.

V
vampification
context and source: Fashion and Style advice on msn.com: http://women.msn.com/196488.armx. 11/26/03. 'Entrenched in the routine of office wear, respectable Mom attire and good old sweats, a woman may not know where to begin the 'vampification.''
apparent meaning: 'Vampification' means the act of vamping- to vamp (or vamp up) is to give something a new appearance using a patch, or to concoct or invent. A second definition for 'vamp' stems from the word vampire: a seductive woman who uses her sensuality to exploit men. Vampification suggests something sexy, desirable, seductive, and maybe a little more appealing than the traditional makeover to the older women at which the column was directed.
type of word formation: Vampification, like fetishization, requires the nonexistent verb 'vampify'. It is an affixation, with the noun-forming suffix ñion on the end.
dictionary entry: Vampification, n. The act of inventing a seductive style/manner. [vamp + -ify (v) + -ion(n)]

Velcro language
context and source: 'English is a velcro language.' (linguistics lecture 2 Sep 2003)
apparent meaning: language that picks up words from other languages. The speaker was trying to convey some idea of English as a language that readily picks up words from other languages. Velcro is often thought of as something 'sticky' that picks up bits and pieces from everywhere, much like the English language.
type of word formation: compound of 'velcro' + 'language' 'velcro' (name brand of hood-and-loop fastener) + 'language' (words, their meanings, and the ways of putting them together that are used and understood by a specific community)
dictionary entry: Velcro language, n. language that readily incorporates words from other languages ('English is a velcro language') [compound of 'velcro' + 'language']

viewtiful
context and source: ' Wow your fighting style is like poetry in motion; it is so viewtiful.' (overheard from a TV program conversation, week of 10/6, 2003)
apparent meaning: Greater meaning than beautiful, highly stylized; awesome. The speaker was trying to convey how great his opponent's techniques and fighting moves were, and 'beautiful' would sound too soft or weak. So, he blended the words 'view' and 'beautiful' to add strength and meaning to what he was saying. His opponent had just beaten him, so he wanted to show his appreciation in a manner that was both masculine and reverent of the highly stylized and awesome techniques (like they were truly a sight to see)
type of word formation: blend 'view' (meaning to watch or look at) X 'beautiful' (meaning good-looking or pleasing to the sight)
dictionary entry: viewtiful, adj. highly stylized and/or awesome; 'poetry in motion'. ('viewtiful fighting techniques') [new blend; formed from 'view' X 'beautiful']

Vinsanity
context and source: Something similar to 'the Raptors unleashed the Vinsanity in their game last night, as Vince Carter scored 30 Ö' ñ heard on Sportscenter in November several times
apparent meaning: the spectacular and high-flying play of NBA-star Vince Carter and the excitement it generates. It's a catch combination of his name and the common slang description of 'insane' for some of his dunks and highlight reel plays. Some of them truly are incredible feats of athleticism. Also, when he makes these plays the whole crowd becomes excited.
type of word formation: blending and clipping Vince 'Vince Carter' + insanity 'madness'
dictionary entry: Vinsanity ñ n. the spectacular play of Vince Carter and the excitement it generates. ('The Vinsanity was on full display as Vince Carter put on a dunking clinic to easily win the Slam-Dunk contest.') [blending and clipping; formed from 'Vince' + 'insanity']

Vomitous
context and source: 'My mom made me a turkey-and-stuffing shake for Thanksgiving, which was the day after I got my braces. It was vomitous.' (conversation with Lovett freshman 1 Oct 2003)
apparent meaning: something that is vomit inducing. The speaker was trying to describe the meal her mother had prepared for her the day after she'd gotten her braces (and couldn't eat solid food). She was trying to convey that not only was it disgusting, but it had made her want to vomit. She therefore derived the noun 'vomit' into an adjective.
type of word formation: derivation 'vomit' (stomach contents ejected during the act of vomiting) and '-ous' (A)
dictionary entry: Vomitous, adj. something that is vomit-inducing ('the turkey-and-stuffing shake was vomitous') [derivation: 'vomit' + '-ous']

Vomitrocious
context and source: 'The color of that car is vomitrocious!' heard in conversation ñ 9/30/03
apparent meaning: repugnant. Vomit + -rocious.

W
Wall-mate
context and source: 'We were not only hallmates. We were wallmates.' (In a conversation with a friend on 11/4/2003)
apparent meaning: a person that lives next door or literally shares the same wall with you
type of word formation: Compounding of the word 'wall' and 'mate', which means 'companion, friend'
dictionary entry: Wall-mate, n. a person that lives next door or literally shares the same wall with you.

Warchalk
context and source: 'There was only one explanation: I'd been warchalked.' (Time 29 Oct 2003)
apparent meaning: to indicate where a wireless internet network exists and how it can be accessed. Often, wireless internet networks are not protected with a password, and are therefore open to anyone with a computer and wireless card within a certain radius of the wireless hub. With an ever-increasing number of non-password-protected wireless internet networks, it is becoming possible for people to roam streets trying to detect an open network to which they can then connect to for free. Once this spot is found, the user may make a mark outside of the building with chalk to indicate to future passers-by where and how to connect to the network. This is referred to as 'warchalking.' The origin of the second half of the compoundó'chalk'óis obviousóthat is what is used to make the mark. The reason for using the first part is a little more uncertain. Perhaps 'war' refers to the continuing struggle between those who own and pay for the wireless hub and service and those who access the network for free.
type of word formation: compound of 'war' + 'chalk' 'war' (to be in active and vigorous conflict) + 'chalk' (to mark something with chalk (a soft powdery stick used esp. to write on chalkboards))

Webinar
context and source: Webinar was overheard in a conversation in the RMC to describe a seminar that someone was taking online. (late Sept. 2003)
apparent meaning: a course composed of a small number of people who are taking it online. the word flows quite well and as the two words of the blend can be distinctly heard in the new word, the meaning is easily conveyed.
type of word formation: blend Web (Internet) + seminar (type of class situation)
dictionary entry: Webinar, n. A seminar taken online (I've got to do the homework for my webinar.) [new blend; formed from 'web' and 'seminar']

WHACK
context and source: 'That is whack.' Not Another Teen Movie; 9/30/03.
apparent meaning: Whatever is being described is somehow wrong or bad, in the speaker's opinion, in that it is incomprehensible, unbelievable, or outrageous. This word was probably shortened from 'whacked' which means crazy or high on drugs. 'Whack' was probably coined to give a slightly different or more general meaning to the word 'whacked.'
type of word formation: clipping, as 'whack' is probably a shortened form of 'whacked'
dictionary entry: whack [clipping of whacked] Adjective. Being incomprehensible, unbelievable, or outrageous in a negative way.

whinage
context and source: television sitcom Clueless. Lead character discourages complaining by telling her friend, 'Cut the whinage!'
apparent meaning: whining, sound of whining. On this show, students of certain cliques use a slang comprised of made up words, so someone's social status can be determined by the creativity and uniqueness of his idiolect. Cher, the lead character, uses this word among other made-up words to show her coolness.
type of word formation: known stem with alternate ending
dictionary entry: whinage - n. - act of whining or the sound of whining. Formed from whine (a sound of pain or distress) and - age (a conceptual noun forming suffix). Military officials have a low tolerance for whinage.

white bread
context and source: In my high school, the majority of people were plain and average and predictable. Those who did not fall into that category described them as white bread, and the term is becoming popular again. It is a bit derogatory among some groups, but my friends and I never use it in reference to race.
apparent meaning: ordinary and bland. People usually think of white bread as nothing spectacular, and each slice of white bread is very similar to the other. That is exactly how each of these people were.
type of word formation: zero derivation
dictionary entry: white bread - adj. - not very different from the ordinary and average, uninteresting. The kids on Dawson's Creek were so white bread sometimes.

White-hat
context and source: 'Are you going to white-hat this game?' Asked this question at the Regional NIRSA Flag Football tournament ñ 11/03
apparent meaning: n. head referee, v. to be the head referee. Usually, with a crew of officials, only the head referee wears a white hat.

wingaling
context and source: 'He's a wingaling dragon' (heard off of online flash cartoon 9/30/03)
apparent meaning: a creature with wings. The character in the cartoon was drawing wings. He wanted to describe the dragon now that it had wings, but wanted it to sound cool. Thus he used rhyming to come up with a new word that describes the dragon.
type of word formation: rhyming formation 'wing' (a structure used for flying) + 'aling' (a rhyming of wing)
dictionary entry: wingaling adj. a creature with wings ('he's a wingaling dragon) [new rhyming formation; 'wing' + 'aling']

Wrangler
context and source: 'Is the wrangler around?' (Question asked to me by a friend on the phone, 2003)
apparent meaning: It is a reference to a person or living being. It is most likely a person who is tough and scrappy because of the meaning of 'to wrangle', to wrestle or quarrel with someone or something. The components are the verb 'to wrangle' and the addition of an 'r' to change the word to a noun standing for a person or thing. To nickname a pal in an endearing manner by describing his appearance and demeanor.
type of word formation: Derivation
dictionary entry: wrangler, n. A of nickname for someone, usu. a male, who has a reputation of being rowdy, tough, and loud.

WTF
context and source: 'So then I was like WTF? How could he give us that much homework?' Sid Rich Freshman
apparent meaning: What the fuck? Seems to be used in an indirect question form. It is part way between an interjection and an interrogative. Its increased use in internet chat rooms and instant messages has spread from typed English to spoken English.
type of word formation: Abbreviation
dictionary entry: WTF, indirect question showing general displeasure for something; why. [Abbr. of 'what the fuck']
Y
Yada-yada
context and source: 'yada-yada, yada-yada, Ö' (Seinfeld episode, 1999)
apparent meaning: It appears to be a saying that is used as a sort of filler in discourse. The repetitions indicate the size of the gap in the conversation. The word 'yada', which has no standard meaning reveals that whatever is being relayed lacks importance or value. The phrase is spoken by a person who is relaying a story to a third party and gives him or her a way of skipping over unimportant or boring information.
type of word formation: Compound
dictionary entry: yada-yada, n. Expression for lengthy and/or unimportant information in a conversation.

Yarn
context and source: 'I miss you. We'll yarn soon, hopefully.' (November 9, 2003)
apparent meaning: To talk, to have an informal and social conversation. 'Yarn' may have been used because women in knitting circles engage in informal conversation. It takes connections the action of talking to the yarn used during their conversation.
type of word formation: zero derivation
dictionary entry: Yarn v. to engage in informal conversation with a friend or close acquaintance. [formed by altering part of speech from a noun to a verb]

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